GIES Case Study on Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds Forest Ecosystem
QI Wei1,2 ZHU
Jianhua3 WANG Gang4 GAO Jiantang5
DU Yuchuan5 ZHAO
Wenxu6 WANG Xiuqin7 LIU Huiqiang7
JIN Xin7 XU
Yanguo8 ZHANG Zenggui9
CHEN Yongting3
LIU Yan3 LIU Yubo3 NIU Ziming3
ZHU Wenhao1,2 LI Yu1,2 FAN Kai1,2 TANG Xinrui1,2
1
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130000, China
4
People's Government of Fusong County, Baishan City,
Jilin Province, Fusong County 134500, China
5
Fusong County Market Supervision and Administration
Bureau, Baishan City, Jilin Province, Fusong County
134500, China
6
Lazihe Village, Lushui
Town, Fusong County, Baishan City, Jilin Province, Fusong County 134500, China
7
Jilin Changbai Mingzhu Forest Food Co., Ltd., Fusong County 134500, China
8
Hongguang Forest Farm of Lushuihe
Forestry Co., Ltd., Fusong County 134500, China
9
Fusong County Lushuihe
Hualong Chinese Herbal Medicine Planting Professional Cooperative, Fusong County 134500, China
Abstract: The
core production area of Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds is
located in Lushuihe Town, Fusong
County, Jilin Province, within the central region of the Changbai
Mountains. The Lushuihe Pinus koraiensis forest area, endowed with unique natural
environmental conditions such as mid-to-high altitude, high vegetation
coverage, cold-temperate humid climate, and fertile volcanic ash soil, endows
the pine nut kernels with plumpness, milky-white color, and rich aroma, making
them a natural food of high nutritional value. This study analyzes Lushuihe Town, the case area, from the perspectives of the
ecological environment of the Pinus koraiensis forest,
product characteristics, management features, and socioeconomic development,
and summarizes the habitat protection and sustainable development model of the Lushuihe Korean Pine Seed production area. The case dataset
mainly consists of data on the spatial scope of the case area, physical
geographical conditions, product characteristics of Lushuihe
Korean Pine Seed kernels, socioeconomic development, management and culture,
etc. The dataset is stored in formats such as .shp, .tif, .xlsx, .docx, and .jpg, consisting of 82 data files
with a data volume of 264 MB (compressed into one file of 77.3 MB).
Keywords: Fusong; Lushuihe; Korean pine seeds;
Pinus koraiensis forest; GIES; Case 36
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2026.03.08
CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2026.03.08
1 Introduction
Pinus koraiensis, also known as the “fruit pine,” is a tall
arborescent species belonging to the division Gymnospermae, family Pinaceae,
genus Pinus, subgenus Strobus. It is an edifier species of the
coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, which is one of the zonal vegetation
types in the temperate zone of Northeast China. The species is primarily
distributed in the Changbai Mountains, Wanda
Mountains, Zhangguangcai Range, and Xiaoxing’an Mountains in Northeast China. The natural
maternal forest of P. koraiensis in Lushuihe Town, Fusong County,
Jilin Province, represents the largest, most intact, and most genetically
diverse natural maternal forest of P. koraiensis in
China [1]. Within this maternal forest, century-old trees are
common, and a specimen known as the “King of Pinus koraiensis,”
with an estimated age of approximately 550 years, is also preserved. As a tall
tree species, mature P. koraiensis typically
reaches heights of 20–30 m, with a maximum of up to 50 m. Its crown is conical
when young and gradually becomes open umbrella-shaped or tower-shaped with age.
The species exhibits slow growth and a prolonged natural regeneration cycle.
China’s forestry authorities have implemented the Natural Forest Protection
Program (NFPP), under which wild P. koraiensis resources
have been conserved and restored [2]. Wild P. koraiensis grows slowly and does not begin to bear
cones until approximately 50 years of age. A single tree at full production can
yield 600–800 cones annually, producing 40–60 kg of pine nuts.
The origin of Fusong Lushuihe pine nuts is Lushuihe Town, Fusong County,
Jilin Province, China. The core production area is located in the hinterland of
the Changbai Mountains [3], representing a
premium quality pine nut in Asia [4]. Fusong
Lushuihe pine nut kernels are plump, with a natural
milky white color and a high kernel yield, far surpassing the quality of
ordinary pine nut kernels. They are an important representative of the National
Geographical Indication Products of the Changbai
Mountain region. The Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in the kernels
synergistically regulate cholesterol and prevent arteriosclerosis; vitamin E
and anthocyanins provide dual antioxidant effects, inhibiting free radical
damage; high protein and slow-release carbohydrates offer sustained satiety,
making them suitable for individuals with high mental workload. In traditional
Chinese medicine, they are used to moisten dryness and relieve cough, alleviate
constipation, and support recovery from postpartum weakness. Fusong Lushuihe pine nuts are not
only an important component of the traditional dietary culture of the Changbai Mountain region but also align with the modern
concept of "natural, nutritious, and functional" healthy eating,
serving as a benchmark ingredient in the high-end healthy food market [5].
The Pinus koraiensis pine nuts from Lushuihe
Town, Fusong County, growing in a uniquely
distinctive regional context and exclusive ecological environment, are not only
a concentrated manifestation of the local natural resource endowment and
historical-cultural traditions, but also a core industrial source supporting
regional economic development and ensuring residents’ income. Protecting the
habitat of pine nut‑producing Pinus koraiensis forests
is of great significance for maintaining ecological balance, promoting local
economic development, and preserving cultural traditions[6].
This study will focus on diverse information—including the natural geographical
characteristics, current ecological environment status, pine nut product
properties, industrial development and management models, socio‑economic
development data, and historical and traditional context of this region—to
conduct a systematic review and in‑depth analysis, exploring coordinated
pathways between the habitat protection of Fusong Lushuihe pine nuts and sustainable development, thereby
providing scientific support for the conservation practices of Pinus koraiensis forests and the high‑quality development of
the pine nut industry.
2 Metadata of the
Dataset
The metadata information of the "Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds Pinus koraiensis
Forest Geographical Indication Habitat Case Dataset" [7],
including name, authors, geographical region, data period, data volume, data
format, and dataset composition, is shown in Tab.1.
Tab.1 Metadata summary table of the "Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
Pinus koraiensis Forest Geographical Indication
Habitat Case Dataset"
|
Items |
Description |
|
Dataset full name |
Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine
Seeds Pinus koraiensis Forest GI Habitat
Case Dataset |
|
Dataset short name |
LushuiheKoreanPineSeedsCase36 |
|
Authors |
QI Wei,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,qiwei@igsnrr.ac.cn ZHU
Jianhua, Northeast Normal University,zjh198827@163.com WANG Gang,People's Government of Fusong County, Baishan City, Jilin Province,sjjbgs2024@163.com GAO Jiantang,Fusong
County Market Supervision and Administration Bureau, Baishan City, Jilin Province,sjjbgs2024@163.com DU Yuchuan,Fusong
County Market Supervision and Administration Bureau, Baishan City, Jilin Province,84809029@qq.com ZHAO Wenxu,Lazihe Village, Lushui Town, Fusong County,
Baishan City, Jilin Province,bssonglin@163.com WANG Xiuqin,Jilin Changbai
Mingzhu Forest Food Co., Ltd., bssonglin@163.com LIU Huiqiang,Jilin
Changbai Mingzhu Forest Food Co., Ltd., bssonglin@163.com JIN Xin,Jilin Changbai
Mingzhu Forest Food Co., Ltd., bssonglin@163.com XU Yanguo,Hongguang
Forest Farm of Lushuihe Forestry Co., Ltd.,bssonglin@163.com ZHANG
Zenggui,Fusong County Lushuihe Hualong Chinese Herbal Medicine Planting
Professional Cooperative, bssonglin@163.com CHEN Yongting,
Northeast Normal University,3118078674@qq.com LIU Yan,
Northeast Normal University,liuyan0227@foxmail.com LIU Yubo,
Northeast Normal University,2276359635@qq.com NIU Ziming,
Northeast Normal University,13293223632@163.com ZHU Wenhao,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,zhuwenhao18@mails.ucas.ac.cn LI Yu,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,liyu6917@igsnrr.ac.cn FAN kai,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,fankai0308@gmail.com TANG Xinrui,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,tangxinrui20@mails.ucas.ac.cn |
|
Geographical region |
Lushuihe Town, Fusong County,
Baishan City, Jilin Province（127°25′E–128°05′E, 42°20′N–42°45′N） |
|
Year |
2025 |
|
Data format |
.xlsx、.shp、.tif、.jpg、.docx |
|
Data size |
246 MB (compressed into one file of 77.3 MB） |
|
Data files |
spatial scope of the case area, physical
geographical conditions, product characteristics of Fusong
Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds, and socioeconomic
development, management and culture |
|
Foundation |
Jilin Provincial
Administration for Market Regulation (2025) |
|
Data publisher |
Global Change Research Data Publishing &
Repository, http://www.geodoi.ac.cn |
|
Address |
No. 11A, Datun Road,
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China |
|
Data sharing policy |
(1) Data are openly available and can be
free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users are encouraged to
use Data subject to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition also
value-added service providers, are welcome to redistribute Data subject
to written permission from the GCdataPR Editorial
Office and the issuance of a Data redistribution license; and (4)
If Data are used to compile new datasets, the ‘ten per cent
principal’ should be followed such that Data records utilized
should not surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be
clearly noted in suitable places in the new dataset[8] |
|
Communication and searchable system |
DOI，CSTR，Crossref，DCI，CSCD，CNKI，SciEngine，WDS，GEOSS，PubScholar， CKRSC |
3 Case Data
Development
3.1 Geographical
Scope Data of the Study Area
Lushuihe Town is located in the southeastern part of Jilin Province, in the
northern part of Fusong County, Baishan City. It lies
in the hinterland of the Changbai Mountains, within
the vast forest region of the upper reaches of the Songhua River, between
127°25′E–128°05′E and 42°20′N–42°45′N (Fig.1). Lushuihe
Town borders Liangjiang Town and Erdaobaihe
Town of Antu County to the east, Quanyang Town to the
south, Beigang Town to the west, and Yanjiang Township to the north. Lushuihe
Town administers six communities: Zhanxi, Hebei, Dongshan, Beishan, Hongwei, and Xishan,
as well as five administrative villages: Lazihe,
Changsheng, Xinxing, Dongsheng, and Qingshuihe. In 2025, the town's administrative area is
855.58 km², with a registered population of 28,000 people.
Fig.1 Geographical location map of the case area
3.2
Ecological Environment Data
3.2.1
Topography and Geomorphology
The
overall topography of Lushuihe Town presents a
pattern of higher elevation in the south and lower elevation in the north.
Based on the 90 m DEM data from SRTM[1], the
authors analyzed the topographic characteristics of Lushuihe
Town and found that the elevation of the town area is mainly distributed
between 500–1,000 m (Fig.2). Among these, river valley lowlands with elevations
below 500 m are concentrated in the northern and northwestern parts. The hilly
areas at 500–700 m are the most dominant topographic type in the town.
Low-mountain hilly areas at 700–900 m and locally above 900 m are mainly
distributed in the central and southern parts. Flat areas with slopes <3°
are distributed in strips along the river valleys. Gentle hilly slopes of 3–15°
widely cover the central and eastern parts of the town. Low-to-medium mountain
areas with slopes >15° are concentrated along the western margin. The
moderate elevation of Lushuihe Town is consistent
with the preference of Pinus koraiensis, and the
extensive gentle slopes provide suitable conditions for its growth, drainage,
and light selection.
Fig.2 Elevation and
slope classification map of Lushuihe Town
3.2.2 Climatic
Conditions
Lushuihe Town has a
mid-temperate humid monsoon climate, significantly regulated by the topographic
effects of the Changbai Mountains. High-temperature
areas are mainly distributed in river valleys and lower-elevation zones. In the
southern mountainous areas, due to higher elevation and good vegetation
coverage, the surface temperature is relatively lower. The patterns of precipitation
and relative humidity are generally consistent, showing higher values in the
northwest and lower values in the southeast (Fig.3). Theannual
average temperature of Lushuihe Town ranges from
0.9°C to 1.5°C, with maximum
temperatures between 29.5°C and 32.2°C, and minimum
temperatures between -39°C and -44°C. The average
annual frost-free period is approximately 105 days[4].
Overall, Lushuihe Town is characterized by a cool,
humid climate with sufficient accumulated temperature and large diurnal
temperature variation, making it an ideal environment for the growth and
nutrient accumulation of Pinus koraiensis.
（a）
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig.3 Analysis of
climatic conditions in Lushuihe Town (2025) (a
precipitation, b temperature, c evaporation, d relative humidity, e atmospheric
pressure, f windspeed)
3.2.3 Water Quality
Conditions
Lushuihe Town is rich in
water resources. It belongs to the upper reaches of the Songhua River water
system and is one of the important tributary source and conservation areas of
the Songhua River[9]. The growth
of Pinus koraiensis mainly relies on natural
precipitation. Therefore, this study only set up one sampling point in
Dongsheng Forest Farm, where Pinus koraiensis is
relatively densely distributed (Fig.4), to collect river water. The water
samples were submitted to the Earthworm Soil Testing Laboratory (Shandong) Co.,
Ltd. for testing. The specific testing indicators included 15 items: pH, total
salt content, chloride, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), total mercury, total arsenic, cadmium,
lead, hexavalent chromium, fecal coliform count, ascariasis egg count, sulfide,
and anionic surfactant. The water sample test results showed that all tested
items were below the concentration limits of the national irrigation water
standard [10] (Tab.2).
Fig.4 Distribution
map of water and soil sampling sites in the case area
Tab.2 Statistical
table of surface water quality test results in the case area
|
Number |
Pollutant
item |
Unit |
Limit
value (≤) |
Testing
result |
|
1 |
pH (Hydrogen ion concentration) |
— |
5.5—8.5 |
7.4 |
|
2 |
Total Salt Content |
Mg/L |
1000 |
65 |
|
3 |
Chlorides |
mg/L |
350 |
2.78 |
|
4 |
Suspended Solids (SS) |
mg/L |
100 |
ND |
|
5 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) |
mg/L |
200 |
22 |
|
6 |
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) |
mg/L |
100 |
4.9 |
|
7 |
Total Mercury (Hg) |
mg/L |
0.001 |
ND |
|
8 |
Total Arsenic (As) |
mg/L |
0.1 |
ND |
|
9 |
Cadmium (Cd) |
mg/L |
0.001 |
ND |
|
10 |
Lead (Pb) |
mg/L |
0.2 |
ND |
|
11 |
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr⁶⁺) |
mg/L |
0.1 |
ND |
|
12 |
Fecal Coliform Count |
MPN/L |
4000 |
ND |
|
13 |
Ascaris Egg Count |
个/10L |
20 |
ND |
|
14 |
Sulfides |
mg/L |
1 |
0.0427 |
|
15 |
Anionic Surfactants |
mg/L |
8 |
ND |
3.2.4 Soil
Conditions
The parent materials
of soil formation in Lushuihe Town are mainly granite
and basalt, with some sedimentary rocks. The soil types are predominantly brown
forest soil and albic soil, with a general soil layer thickness of more than
0.5 m. The soils in Lushuihe Town are formed by
long-term weathering and development of volcanic eruptive materials and forest
litter. The surface layer is loose and porous with a thick humus layer, and
volcanic sand and gravel deposits are often visible in the lower layer. The soil
is generally dark brown to brownish-black in color, with high organic matter
content and strong water and nutrient retention capacity, making it very
suitable for the growth of Pinus koraiensis and
understory characteristic crops.
3.2.4 Soil
Conditions
The parent materials
of soil formation in Lushuihe Town are mainly granite
and basalt, with some sedimentary rocks. The soil types are predominantly brown
forest soil and albic soil, with a general soil layer thickness of more than
0.5 m. The soils in Lushuihe Town are formed by
long-term weathering and development of volcanic eruptive materials and forest
litter. The surface layer is loose and porous with a thick humus layer, and
volcanic sand and gravel deposits are often visible in the lower layer. The soil
is generally dark brown to brownish-black in color, with high organic matter
content and strong water and nutrient retention capacity, making it very
suitable for the growth of Pinus koraiensis and
understory characteristic crops.
In this study, nine
soil profile sampling sites were established in the case area (Fig.4). The
sampling sites were selected in forest farms with relatively dense Pinus koraiensis distribution, with full consideration given to
factors such as different elevations and slope aspects. In addition, to account
for the impact of human activities, soil sampling sites were also set up in
Pinus koraiensis-dense areas around the town center
of Lushuihe Town. Soil samples were collected in
layers at depths of 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm, and 80–100 cm (Fig.5) to
test the soil fertility and environmental conditions of the case area. The
testing items included pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total
nitrogen, available phosphorus, readily available potassium, lead, cadmium,
chromium, arsenic, mercury, copper, zinc, nickel, and organochlorine pesticide residues.
Fig.5 Profile diagram of soil sampling sites in the case area
(1) Soil fertility
status
The test results of
soil profile samples showed that the pH value in this area ranged from 5.0 to
6.8, and the soil was generally acidic to weakly acidic, which falls within the
suitable acidity range for the growth of Pinus koraiensis.
As a core indicator for evaluating soil nutrient retention capacity, the cation
exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil ranged from 8.98 to 31.84 cmol/kg, with an average value of 17.23 cmol/kg,
indicating that the soil in this area has good nutrient retention capacity.
Among them, the surface CEC value at sampling site P9 reached 31.84 cmol/kg, demonstrating excellent nutrient holding capacity.
The CEC value showed little variation with soil depth, indicating that each
soil layer possesses good nutrient retention performance. This favorable
nutrient retention characteristic creates advantageous conditions for nutrient
absorption by the deep root system of Pinus koraiensis,
helping the tree roots to more effectively uptake nutrients from the soil,
thereby promoting the healthy growth and development of Pinus koraiensis.
The soil fertility
indicators at different soil layers for each sampling site are shown in Tab.3
and Fig.6. The soil organic matter content ranged from 5.29 to 89.3 g/kg, with
an average value of 24.54 g/kg. The organic matter content decreased with increasing
soil depth. The surface soil organic matter content was higher than that of
other soil layers, showing obvious surface enrichment, while the deep soil
organic matter tended to be stable but with the lowest content. The total
nitrogen content varied consistently with organic matter, ranging from 0.047%
to 0.498%, with an average value of 0.151%. The differences in deep-layer total
nitrogen content among different sites were small, all at relatively low
levels. The available phosphorus content ranged from 0.1 to 26.8 mg/kg, with an
average value of 6.27 mg/kg. At most sites, the available phosphorus content
was low in the surface soil but showed high values in the deep soil, which may
be related to the promotion of phosphorus activation by the deep distribution
of Pinus koraiensis roots. The readily available
potassium content ranged from 65 to 500 mg/kg, with an average value of 140
mg/kg. In summary, the soil in the case area has good nutrient retention
capacity, creating a superior nutrient environment for the deep root development
of Pinus koraiensis, effectively promoting its growth
and development, and providing an important guarantee for the high quality and
high yield of Korean pine seeds.
Tab.3 Statistical
table of soil fertility indicator test results
|
Number |
Soil layer depth (cm) |
pH |
Organic matter (g/kg) |
CEC / (cmol(+)/kg) |
Total nitrogen (g/kg) |
Available phosphorus (mg/kg) |
Available zinc (mg/kg) |
|
P1 |
0-20 |
5.2 |
44.6 |
24.49 |
0.174 |
1.6 |
177 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.0 |
24.9 |
25.60 |
0.113 |
4.6 |
109 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.0 |
8.20 |
20.40 |
0.053 |
9.4 |
80 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.3 |
5.55 |
23.92 |
0.047 |
25.8 |
99 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.3 |
5.77 |
25.22 |
0.053 |
21.6 |
109 |
|
P2 |
0-20 |
5.6 |
89.3 |
12.35 |
0.498 |
2.7 |
129 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.5 |
39.8 |
11.52 |
0.241 |
2.0 |
105 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.6 |
18.7 |
10.66 |
0.121 |
3.8 |
75 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.7 |
9.69 |
12.03 |
0.078 |
3.0 |
65 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.3 |
11.2 |
17.50 |
0.056 |
7.4 |
75 |
|
P3 |
0-20 |
5.7 |
48.8 |
12.13 |
0.236 |
2.5 |
310 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.7 |
32.5 |
14.10 |
0.207 |
2.5 |
249 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.8 |
20.0 |
12.07 |
0.127 |
3.6 |
181 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.7 |
17.2 |
13.69 |
0.115 |
4.9 |
225 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.8 |
14.8 |
14.10 |
0.094 |
12.0 |
156 |
|
P4 |
0-20 |
5.2 |
29.4 |
15.38 |
0.133 |
2.5 |
136 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.5 |
10.9 |
10.33 |
0.087 |
1.6 |
90 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.4 |
6.72 |
12.49 |
0.051 |
2.9 |
87 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.5 |
14.1 |
16.25 |
0.061 |
4.5 |
96 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.6 |
9.10 |
16.15 |
0.055 |
6.8 |
92 |
|
P5 |
0-20 |
6.3 |
43.4 |
17.38 |
0.253 |
1.9 |
500 |
|
|
20-40 |
6.5 |
34.6 |
13.53 |
0.192 |
1.6 |
440 |
|
|
40-60 |
6.7 |
26.8 |
13.14 |
0.145 |
4.5 |
251 |
|
|
60-80 |
6.8 |
12.0 |
10.76 |
0.073 |
8.2 |
100 |
|
|
80-100 |
6.4 |
5.45 |
8.98 |
0.051 |
3.9 |
96 |
|
P6 |
0-20 |
5.1 |
30.7 |
18.84 |
0.190 |
0.1 |
66 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.4 |
27.9 |
20.90 |
0.187 |
0.6 |
81 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.3 |
17.6 |
19.72 |
0.107 |
0.4 |
68 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.3 |
5.29 |
22.14 |
0.060 |
4.4 |
101 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.3 |
5.45 |
27.24 |
0.058 |
10.2 |
133 |
|
P7 |
0-20 |
5.5 |
35.6 |
19.10 |
0.191 |
0.7 |
86 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.7 |
21.2 |
14.57 |
0.168 |
1.4 |
77 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.7 |
21.0 |
15.33 |
0.149 |
1.8 |
79 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.8 |
10.5 |
9.07 |
0.080 |
2.6 |
66 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.8 |
5.31 |
10.65 |
0.049 |
7.8 |
78 |
|
P8 |
0-20 |
5.4 |
63.2 |
26.20 |
0.381 |
2.1 |
160 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.3 |
37.8 |
22.23 |
0.234 |
2.2 |
128 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.4 |
18.6 |
12.21 |
0.136 |
4.5 |
91 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.7 |
17.1 |
13.49 |
0.112 |
11.4 |
96 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.8 |
10.2 |
14.06 |
0.077 |
18.0 |
92 |
|
P9 |
0-20 |
5.4 |
70.0 |
31.84 |
0.479 |
7.3 |
146 |
|
|
20-40 |
5.4 |
53.6 |
26.38 |
0.370 |
8.0 |
129 |
|
|
40-60 |
5.5 |
42.7 |
22.90 |
0.270 |
10.5 |
121 |
|
|
60-80 |
5.6 |
19.5 |
21.13 |
0.128 |
15.6 |
164 |
|
|
80-100 |
5.8 |
7.54 |
23.09 |
0.050 |
26.8 |
310 |
Fig.6 Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus,
and readily available potassium contents in different soil layers
(2) Soil
environmental quality status
The soil
environmental indicator test results were evaluated according to the national
standard "Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil
Contamination of Agricultural Land (Trial)" (GB15618-2018)[11].
The soil environmental quality of the Pinus koraiensis
forest in Lushuihe Town is excellent. All tested
indicators were below the national soil pollution risk screening values, and no
pesticide residues were detected, fully meeting the soil environmental quality
requirements for the production area of Pinus koraiensis
growth[11]. The excellent soil
environmental quality provides a safety guarantee for the healthy growth of
Pinus koraiensis and helps to produce high-quality
and safe forest products.
Tab.4 Statistical
table of soil environmental indicator test results
|
Pollutant Item |
Risk Screening
Limit ( GB 15618—2018) |
Unit |
Testing result |
||||||||
|
P1 |
P2 |
P3 |
P4 |
P5 |
P6 |
P7 |
P8 |
P9 |
|||
|
Plumbum (Pb) |
90 |
mg/kg |
26 |
26 |
25 |
22 |
19 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
23 |
|
Cadmium (Cd) |
0.3 |
mg/kg |
0.20 |
0.28 |
0.25 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
0.14 |
0.18 |
0.19 |
0.20 |
|
Chromium (Cr) |
150 |
mg/kg |
75 |
67 |
73 |
92 |
87 |
80 |
61 |
75 |
69 |
|
Arsenic (As) |
140 |
mg/kg |
10.1 |
8.99 |
9.08 |
8.77 |
8.20 |
8.97 |
8.56 |
8.2 |
8.22 |
|
Hydrargyrum (Hg) |
1.8 |
mg/kg |
0.064 |
0.070 |
0.059 |
0.052 |
0.052 |
0.056 |
0.054 |
0.058 |
0.063 |
|
Cuprum (Cu) |
50 |
mg/kg |
25 |
19 |
19 |
26 |
28 |
15 |
15 |
17 |
20 |
|
Zinc (Zn) |
200 |
mg/kg |
89 |
97 |
112 |
73 |
75 |
82 |
85 |
97 |
100 |
|
Nickel (Ni) |
70 |
mg/kg |
27 |
27 |
32 |
32 |
35 |
26 |
22 |
25 |
28 |
|
HCHs (Total) |
ND |
ug/kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
DDTs (Total) |
ND |
ug/kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
3.2.5 Vegetation
Cover and Land Use Status
The Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an important indicator for characterizing
surface vegetation growth status. For this dataset, Sentinel
data with a 10 m resolution for 2025 were selected as the data source to
enhance the spectral response of vegetation and reduce interference from
non-vegetation factors, generating the NDVI analysis map of Lushuihe
Town (Fig.7). The NDVI in Lushuihe Town generally
presents a spatial distribution pattern dominated by high values, with most
values concentrated above 0.6, indicating high regional vegetation coverage and
good ecological conditions, exhibiting typical forest landscape characteristics
of the Changbai Mountain forest region. From a
spatial structure perspective, the NDVI shows a mosaic pattern combining
continuously distributed high-value backgrounds with scattered low-value
patches. The low-value areas are mainly distributed in punctate or clumped forms,
mostly corresponding to areas with concentrated human activities such as
residential areas, forest logging areas, and open valley areas. Meanwhile, NDVI
exhibits strong positive spatial autocorrelation, with high-value areas showing
contiguous distribution and weak overall heterogeneity, though local areas
exhibit significant differences due to human disturbance.
In the land use
classification study, the authors selected Sentinel remote sensing images with
a 10 m resolution and a cloud cover percentage of less than 1% in 2025 as the
data source. Through steps including image correction, sample extraction for
each land use type, supervised classification, and stratified sampling accuracy
testing, the land use status of Lushuihe Town was
analyzed and constructed (Fig.8). The land use types in Lushuihe
Town mainly include construction land, forest land, cultivated land, water
bodies, etc. Among them, forest land accounts for approximately 82.54%,
cultivated land accounts for approximately 10.04%, and construction land
accounts for approximately 5.04%. Forest shade regulates the microclimate,
fertile volcanic soil supplies nutrients, and clean water sources maintain
physiological metabolism, jointly shaping the characteristics of Korean pine
seeds, including their large and plump size, rich oil content, and excellent flavor.
Fig.7 NDVI analysis map of Lushuihe Town
Fig.8 Land use distribution map of Lushuihe
Town
3.2.6 Distribution
Status of Pinus koraiensis Forest
Forest lands in Lushuihe Town generally have Pinus koraiensis
distribution, involving forest farms such as Dongsheng, Hongguang,
Xinxing, Yongqing, Xilin, and Liming. With reference to the protection scope
map of the Lushuihe Korean Pine Seed Kernels
Geographical Indication Product, the forest zoning map of Lushuihe
Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province (1:100,000), and the key areas for pine seed
harvesting, the authors delineated the main concentrated distribution areas of
Pinus koraiensis with high density (Fig.9). The main
concentrated distribution areas of Pinus koraiensis
in Lushuihe are located in the surrounding areas of Lushuihe Town center, Hongguang
in the west, and Dongsheng Forest Farm in the south, covering an area of nearly
20,000 hm².
Fig.9 Main concentrated distribution areas
of Pinus koraiensis in Lushuihe
Town
3.3 Product
Characteristic Data
3.3.1
Characteristics of Fusong Lushuihe
Korean Pine Seeds
The seeds of Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
require low-temperature stratification for more than 120 days to germinate,
with a natural germination rate of less than 5%. Pinus koraiensis
needs to grow for more than 50 years before it can produce seeds, and the seeds
mature only once every two years, resulting in a scarce yield. The seed kernels
are light yellow, oval-shaped, plump and uniform, with a thin light brown skin
on the surface. The kernel flesh is milky white, fine and oily in texture. They
have good storage durability and can maintain their flavor and quality for a
long time under low-temperature and dry environments. They are highly resistant
to oxidation and not prone to rancidity, possessing good nutritional and health
values as well as strong adaptability for food processing.
3.3.2 Quality Test
and Analysis of Fusong Lushuihe
Korean Pine Seeds
Regarding the
quality of Fusong Lushuihe
Korean Pine Seeds, this study collected pine seed samples harvested in 2025 and
manually opened, mainly sourced from pine seeds from areas around the town
center and Dongsheng Forest Farm. The samples were entrusted to the Jilin
Provincial Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute and Qingdao Huace Testing Technology Co., Ltd. for testing and
analysis. Referring to the "Product of Geographical Indication—Lushuihe Korean Pine Seed Kernels" (GB/T 19505—2008) [14],
the testing was conducted in three aspects: sensory indicators, physicochemical
indicators, and safety and hygiene indicators [14]. Among them,
sensory indicators included four testing items: color, odor, appearance, and
impurities. Physicochemical indicators included 16 testing items such as fat,
acid value, peroxide value, protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
Safety and hygiene indicators included nine contaminant content items such as
arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, aflatoxin, and coliform bacteria.
(1) Sensory
Indicators
Fusong Lushuihe
Korean Pine Seed kernels have a rich and fragrant pine aroma. The kernels are
yellow in color, with uniform color and no obvious color difference. The grains
are plump and uniform in size. The proportion of slightly damaged kernels is
common, while severely damaged kernels account for less than 3%, and broken
kernels account for less than 7%. The proportions of severely damaged and
broken kernels are kept at relatively low levels, reflecting that effective
measures have been taken during the harvesting, processing, storage, and
transportation of pine seeds to ensure the overall appearance quality of the
product. The texture is fine, with no visible impurities. During processing,
procedures such as impurity screening and cleaning have been properly
implemented, resulting in a clean and hygienic product (Tab.5), which meets the
requirements of the national standard [14].
Tab.5 Statistical
table of sensory indicator test results of Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
|
Number |
Pollutant item |
Standard Indicator |
Test results |
Judgment |
|
1 |
Colour and lustre |
Yellow |
Yellow |
Compliant |
|
2 |
Smell |
Strong pine scent |
Strong pine scent |
Compliant |
|
3 |
Appearance |
Minor damage
< 3%, broken kernels < 7% |
Minor damage < 3%,
broken kernels < 7% |
Compliant |
|
4 |
Impurities |
No visible impurities |
No visible impurities |
Compliant |
(2) Physicochemical
Indicators
Korean pine seeds
are recognized as a high-nutrition nut. Due to its unique growing environment, Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
have even more prominent nutritional components. The test results (Tab.6) show
that the crude fat content is 65.4%, and the dietary fiber content is 8.4
mg/100g. The high fiber content complements its high fat content beneficially.
The acid value is 0.6 mg/g, and the peroxide value is 0.0023 g/100g. The
extremely low acid value and peroxide value indicate a low degree of oxidative
rancidity, resulting in better taste and nutritional value. The protein and
amino acid contents are abundant, reaching 16.7 g/100g and 13.1 g/100g,
respectively, making them a high-quality plant protein source. The amino acids
include 16 types: aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine,
alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine,
lysine, histidine, arginine, and proline. The vitamin E content is relatively
high, at 24.7 g/100g. Among the major elements, the calcium content is 145
mg/100g, potassium content is 594 mg/100g, and magnesium content is 2.58×10³mg/100g. Among the
trace elements, the manganese content is 56.1 mg/100g, iron content is 45.5
mg/100g, and zinc content is 62.7 mg/100g.
Tab.6 Statistical
table of physicochemical indicator test results of Fusong
Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
|
Number |
Pollutant
item |
Unit |
Standard Indicator |
Test results |
Judgment |
|
1 |
Fat |
% |
≥60 |
65.4 |
Compliant |
|
3 |
Acid Value |
mg/g |
≤4 |
0.60 |
Compliant |
|
4 |
Peroxide Value |
g/100g |
≤0.08 |
0.0023 |
Compliant |
|
5 |
Protein |
g/100g |
ND |
16.7 |
ND |
|
6 |
Amino Acids |
g/100g |
ND |
13.1 |
ND |
|
7 |
Vitamin
E |
g/100g |
ND |
24.7 |
ND |
|
8 |
Vitamin B₁ |
g/100g |
ND |
0.40 |
ND |
|
9 |
Vitamin B₂ |
g/100g |
ND |
0.0551 |
ND |
|
10 |
Calcium |
mg/100g |
ND |
145 |
ND |
|
11 |
Potassium |
mg/100g |
ND |
594 |
ND |
|
12 |
Magnesium |
mg/100g |
ND |
2.58×103 |
ND |
|
13 |
Manganese |
ND |
56.1 |
ND |
|
|
14 |
Iron |
mg/100g |
ND |
45.5 |
ND |
|
15 |
Zinc |
mg/100g |
ND |
62.7 |
ND |
|
16 |
Dietary
Fiber |
mg/100g |
ND |
8.4 |
ND |
(3) Safety and
Hygiene Indicators
The test results of Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
show that the contents of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and
total mercury were either not detected or far below the national standard
limits. Aflatoxin B₁was not detected, and the counts of coliform
bacteria and other microorganisms were low, demonstrating excellent microbial
safety performance (Tab.7). All test results comply with the standards of the
"National Food Safety Standard—Limits of
Contaminants in Food" (GB 2762—2022)[12]
and the "National Food Safety Standard—Limits of Mycotoxins
in Food" (GB 2761—2017) [13]. This indicates that the
safety and hygiene indicators of Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds fully meet the national
standards, and that their growth and processing processes strictly adhere to
safety specifications, ensuring the safety of the product.
Tab.7 Statistical
table of hygiene indicator test results of Fusong Lushuihe Korean Pine Seeds
|
Number |
Pollutant
item |
Unit |
Standard Indicator |
Test results |
Judgment |
|
1 |
Arsenic
|
mg/kg |
≤0.5 |
ND |
Compliant |
|
2 |
Lead |
mg/kg |
≤0.5 |
ND |
Compliant |
|
3 |
Cadmium |
mg/kg |
≤0.5 |
0.103 |
Compliant |
|
4 |
Mercury |
mg/kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
5 |
Aflatoxin B1 |
μg/kg |
≤10 |
ND |
Compliant |
|
6 |
Coliform Bacteria |
CFU/g |
ND |
＜10 |
ND |
|
7 |
Mould and Yeast |
CFU/g |
ND |
7.8×104 |
ND |
|
8 |
Salmonella |
/25g |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
9 |
Staphylococcus aureus |
CFU/g |
ND |
＜10 |
ND |
4 Social and
Economic Development, Business Management, and Historical Traditions of Lushuihe Town , Fusong County
4.1 Population and
socio-economic development situation
The county economy
of Fusong County has achieved steady and rapid
progress, and this sound economic condition has laid the foundation for the
comprehensive advancement of agricultural green development throughout Fusong County. In 2025, the gross domestic product (GDP) of
Fusong County exceeded 15 billion yuan, and the total
output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery in the
county increased by 5.0% year-on-year. The per capita disposable income of
rural residents in Fusong County reached 22,008 yuan,
surpassing the average level of Jilin Province. After the national complete
cessation of commercial logging, Lushuihe Town has
undergone a profound industrial transformation, shifting from a single focus on
forest logging and wood processing to a diversified industrial structure
encompassing natural mineral water, ginseng, and pine nut kernels, while
actively developing ecotourism based on national forest parks and hunting
grounds, committing to a green and sustainable development path[15–18].
Relying on over one million centuries-old mother forests of Pinus koraiensis and a well-established
“planting–harvesting–processing–sales” industrial chain, the pine nut kernel
industry of Lushuihe Town has become the leading “one
town, one specialty” industry of Fusong County, with
annual sales exceeding 200 million yuan and exports accounting for over 60%.
This industry directly employs more than 3,000 local forest farmers, achieving
a three-dimensional synergistic development of “ecological resource protection,
traditional skill inheritance, and industrial economic growth.” In 2025, the
output of pine nut kernels in Lushuihe Town reached
approximately 4,500 tons, generating over 200 permanent jobs and more than 400
seasonal jobs, with a monthly wage of 4,500 yuan.
4.2 Protection and
Development of Pinus koraiensis Resources
Since the 1980s,
with the increasing awareness of natural forest protection, the Lushuihe Forestry Bureau took the lead in establishing a
research group dedicated to the conservation and utilization of Pinus koraiensis resources. This group systematically
advanced research on the cultivation of mother forests, improvement of cone
yield, and optimization of kernel quality. Between 1990 and 1995, utilizing a
technical system comprising “plus tree selection – artificial pollination –
seedling domestication,” the research team successfully screened three superior
mother tree strains of Pinus koraiensis.
Subsequently, a large-scale mother forest renovation project was carried out in
the core forest area of Lushuihe, expanding the
protected area for ancient trees over one hundred years old to 120,000 mu
(8,000 hm²)[19]. In 2003, “Lushuihe Pinus koraiensis Kernels”
were officially approved as a National Geographical Indication Product,
becoming the first nut product in Northeast China to receive this
certification. Over the following two decades, through continuous scientific
research efforts, the products successively obtained Grade AA Green Food
Certification, EU Organic Food Certification (EU Organic), and China Forest
Certification (CFCC)[20]. In
2020, Lushuihe Pinus koraiensis mother
forest kernels were included in the second batch of the China-EU Geographical
Indications Agreement list. In 2021, they were recognized as “China Famous
Agricultural Products,” and the traditional technique of collecting Pinus koraiensis nuts was inscribed in the Jilin Provincial
Intangible Cultural Heritage List. In 2023, the Lushuihe
Ancient Pinus koraiensis Forest in Jilin
Province was successfully selected as one of “China’s Most Beautiful Ancient
Tree Groves.”
4.3 Fusong Lushuihe Pine Nut
Management
4.3.1 Pine Nut
Resource Control
Relying on Asia's
largest natural mother forest of Pinus koraiensis,
Lushuihe Town implements refined management
of Pinus koraiensis resources. Based on the
growth cycle and seed-bearing regularity of Pinus koraiensis,
a strict quota-based collection system is enforced, with the annual collection
volume determined according to monitoring data to ensure the sustainable growth
of mother trees. Forestry departments and forest farms have established a
comprehensive monitoring system for Pinus koraiensis resources,
integrating satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring,
and ground patrols to obtain real-time information on the growth status, pest
and disease occurrence, and forest ecological environment changes of Pinus
koraiensis.
4.3.2 Integrated
management model combining industry, academia, research, government,
cooperatives, local residents, and traditional practices
Lushuihe Town has developed
an integrated management model that combines industry, academia, research,
government, cooperatives, local residents, and traditional practices. The
government provides active guidance to foster collaboration between research
institutions and enterprises, facilitating the selection and breeding of
improved Pinus koraiensis varieties,
optimization of shell-breaking and kernel-extraction processes, and research on
the functional components of pine nuts. Enterprises have actively introduced
internationally advanced aseptic production lines and processing technologies.
In the primary processing stage, impurities and defective kernels are precisely
removed, and low-temperature roasting is employed to maximize the retention of
nutritional components and flavor of the pine nut kernels. Cooperatives are
responsible for organizing standardized harvesting, drying, and preliminary
sorting by villagers, ensuring the purity and traceability of the raw
materials. By participating in harvesting, management, and transportation,
villagers not only increase their income but also provide a stable supply of
high-quality raw materials to enterprises.
Leveraging the
geographical indication advantages of Lushuihe pine
nuts as a product of origin, the government has actively promoted the clustered
development of the industry and the extension of the industrial chain through
policy guidance and investment attraction. This has gradually led to the
formation of a modern industrial system encompassing multiple links, including
wild resource management, integrated mechanical harvesting, low-temperature
shell breaking and kernel extraction, deep processing of oils, and development
of health foods. Meanwhile, with leading enterprises such as Jilin Changbai Mingzhu Forest Food Co., Ltd. playing a key role,
multi-party efforts have been made to strengthen the research and development
of "pine nut +" series products, resulting in composite products
combining pine nuts with ginseng, cocoa, crispy candies, and other ingredients,
thereby continuously extending the industrial chain.
4.3.3 Market
Operation Strategies
The government fully
plays a leading role, guiding enterprises through industrial policies to
precisely align with consumer demand and develop diversified products targeting
different consumer groups. For the high-end consumer market, organically
certified pine nut products with exquisite gift-box packaging are introduced,
emphasizing ecological, healthy, and high-quality attributes. For ordinary
consumers, affordable, small-packaged, ready-to-eat pine nut kernels are
offered to meet daily consumption needs. Meanwhile, the government actively
attracts investment and introduces professional institutions for e-commerce
operations and brand planning, helping enterprises utilize emerging marketing
tools such as social media and live streaming to narrate the brand story and
ecological value of Lushuihe pine nuts, thereby
enhancing consumer awareness and purchase intention.
In terms of brand
building, the government leads the formulation of regional public brand
standards for "Lushuihe Pinus koraiensis Pine Nuts" and collaborates with
industry associations to strengthen brand authorization and supervision. Brand
promotion emphasizes the natural ecological characteristics and high
nutritional value. Through integrated online and offline communication,
exhibition participation, promotional events, and cultural tourism integration
projects, the brand visibility and market share are continuously enhanced.
Concurrently, market regulatory authorities, in conjunction with industry
associations, strengthen the protection of the geographical indication brand
"Lushuihe Pinus koraiensis Pine
Nut Kernels," regularly conduct special rectification campaigns, and
rigorously combat counterfeit and substandard products to safeguard brand
reputation.
4.4 Inheritance and
Promotion of Fusong Lushuihe
Pine Nut Culture
The history
of Pinus koraiensis in Lushuihe
Town can be traced back to ancient times. Numerous forestry studies indicate
that Pinus koraiensis, as an ancient tree
species, has existed in East Asia for at least ten thousand years, with a
distribution range even broader in the past than at present. Local ethnic
minorities in Fusong County, such as the Manchu and
Korean ethnic groups, have coexisted with Pinus koraiensis since
ancient times[21]. During the
Qing Dynasty, Manchu aristocrats regarded the pine nuts of Pinus koraiensis as a delicacy. Not only were they consumed
as everyday food, but they also played a crucial role in important ceremonies
such as sacrificial rites. Pine nut kernels were listed as one of the
"Eight Delicacies" and were often used in the preparation of pastries
and other offerings. Among the common people, pine nut kernels have been an
integral part of traditional dietary culture, being made into specialty foods
such as pine nut porridge and pine nut cakes, passed down through generations. Pinus
koraiensis holds a special place in local
culture, symbolizing longevity and tenacity. In folk legends, it is regarded as
the embodiment of the mountain deity, guarding the forests and the people
living there.
Diverse cultural
activities centered on Pinus koraiensis have
been developed. The government plays a guiding and supportive role,
coordinating multiple departments including forestry, cultural tourism, and
market regulation to ensure comprehensive management throughout event planning,
safety assurance, and brand promotion, thereby creating the Pinus koraiensis Cultural Festival. During the festival,
traditional processing techniques of pine nuts are demonstrated, specialty
foods are tasted, and folk performances and knowledge contests related
to Pinus koraiensis are held. These
activities help preserve and promote Pinus koraiensis culture,
enhance local residents' awareness of protecting Pinus koraiensis resources
and their cultural identity, and enable more people to appreciate the unique
regional cultural charm of Lushuihe pine nuts[21]. Furthermore, the integrated
development of "Pinus koraiensis culture +
eco-tourism" is actively promoted. Leveraging Lushuihe's
locational advantages adjacent to Fusong County town,
Erdaobaihe Town, and the core scenic area of Changbai Mountain, outdoor activities such as forest
hunting cultural experiences, wilderness hiking, mountain camping, and forest
exploration are combined. High-quality tourism routes are jointly launched with
surrounding scenic spots."
4.5 Traceability of
Pine Nut Habitat in Lushuihe, Fusong
Promoting the
sustainable development of the pine nut industry in Lushuihe,
Fusong, requires robust support from modern
technology. To this end, a landmark habitat ground station has been established
in the forest farm of the case study area (Figure 10) to enable real-time,
round‑the‑clock monitoring and traceability of the ecological conditions of
the Pinus koraiensis forest. The key
indicators recorded include negative oxygen ions, phenology, wind speed, wind
direction, rainfall, air quality, temperature, relative humidity, soil
temperature and moisture, atmospheric pressure, and soil electrical
conductivity. These real‑time monitoring data can reflect the high‑quality
growing environment of the pine nuts and provide scientifically accurate data
support for phenological changes and related responses of the Pinus koraiensis forest. Consequently, this facilitates a
more intelligent, scientific, and sustainable transformation of the cultivation
model of the pine nut industry.
|
|
5 Conclusions
The Fusong Lushuihe Pine Nut is
produced in the core area of Changbai Mountains, Fusong County, Jilin Province. The pristine forest
ecosystem, characterized by high altitude, cold temperate humid climate, and
fertile volcanic ash soil, provides favorable habitat conditions for the growth
of Pinus koraiensis. The soil environmental
quality in Lushuihe Town is excellent, with no
detectable pesticide residues, and the clean water quality facilitates the
production of high-quality pine nuts. Lushuihe Pine
Nuts exhibit unique qualities including plump kernels, milky white nut meats,
and rich aroma, and contain substantial amounts of fat, protein, and essential
trace elements for the human body, demonstrating significant nutritional value.
Local authorities have achieved protective development of the
precious Pinus koraiensis mother forest
resources by regulating the collection and management of wild pine nuts, and by
constructing and developing an integrated management model incorporating
industry, academia, government, community, and traditional practices. Future
efforts should further deepen the integration of ecological protection and
industrial development, enhancing the quality and
added value of pine nuts while ensuring the security and stability
of Pinus koraiensis resources, thereby
achieving synergistic improvements in ecological, economic, and social
benefits. The Case Study on Habitat Protection and Sustainable Development
of Pinus koraiensis Forests for Fusong Lushuihe Pine
Nuts aims to provide a scientific pathway for the conservation of rare
tree species resources and high-quality industrial development, contributing to
the practical deepening of the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains
are invaluable assets.”
Author
contributions: Qi, W. made the overall design of this case,
including the overall design of the dataset, the construction of the content
framework of the case study paper, the technical route, and the writing design,
and collaboratively convened case field investigations and seminars, and
carried out paper writing and coordination. Wang, G., Gao, J. T., Du, Y. C.,
and Zhao, W. X. coordinated the case investigation and data collection. Qi, W.,
Zhu, W. H., Zhu, J. H., Chen, Y. T., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. B., and Niu, Z. M.
participated in the field investigation of the case study. Wang, X. Q., Jin, X.,
and Qi, W. were responsible for the collection and analysis of soil and water
samples. Chen, Y. T., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. B., Niu, Z. M., Li, Y., and Fan, K. were
responsible for the collection, analysis, and processing of data and the
production of figures. Tang, X. R. and Liu, H. Q. were responsible for
coordinating assistance from units at various levels and the collection of
local cultural data. Qi, W. was responsible for the collection and analysis of
meteorological data. Zhu, J. H. was responsible for the collection and analysis
of culture related to Korean pine seeds. Liu, H. Q., Xu, Y. G. and Zhang, Z. G.
were responsible for the collection of management, economic development, and
characteristic data. Zhu, W. H., Zhu, J. H., Chen, Y. T., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. B., Niu,
Z. M., Li, Y., Fan, K., and Tang, X. R. participated in the writing of the
paper.
Acknowledgements: We would like to
express our gratitude to Professor Liu, C., Song, X. F., and Wang, Z. B. of the
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences for their guidance and assistance in the completion of this
case data and paper. We also thank the villagers who provided help during the
collection and analysis of soil and water samples.
Conflict of Interest
Statement:
The authors declare
no conflicts of interest