GIES Case Study on Fusong Ginseng Under Facility Agriculture
WANG Jianguo¹, CHENG
Xiaolin¹, WANG Ding², WANG Gang², GAO Jiantang³, ZHU Hongliang⁴, DU Yuchuan³,
ZHANG Wenxuan¹, LI Hao⁴, WANG Xiang⁴, LI Zhenyu5, JIE Zhongyi6,
YU Haijun7, SHI Lei8, HOU Yubing⁹,
LIU Weiyan¹⁰, XU Huaiyou¹¹, MA Youde¹¹,12, GUO Xingjun¹3,
QIN Shouzhi¹4, YANG Fan⁴, YAN He⁴, XU Xuanwei¹⁵, WANG Lei¹⁶, CHEN
Shengbo¹⁷, WANG Zhenbo¹⁸
1. College of Earth
Sciences，Jilin University，Changchun 130061，China;2. People’s
Government of Fusong County，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;3. Market Supervision Administration of Fusong County，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;4. Ginseng Industry
Development Center of Fusong County，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;5. People’s Government of Songjianghe Town，Fusong County，Fusong 134504，Jilin Province，China;6. People’s
Government of Quanyang Town，Fusong County，Fusong 134505，Jilin Province，China;7. People’s
Government of Donggang Town，Fusong County，Fusong 134511，Jilin Province，China;8. People’s
Government of Wanliang Town，Fusong County，Fusong 134521，Jilin Province，China;9. Fusong
County Ginseng Association，Fusong 134505，Jilin Province，China;10. Fusong
Ginseng Agricultural Technology Co.，Ltd.，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;11. Jilin Shenwang
Plant Protection Co.，Ltd.，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;12. Baishan City Ginseng
Industry Development Association，Baishan 134000，Jilin Province，China;13. Jilin Fusong
Ginseng Quality Testing Center (Fusong County Ginseng
Research Institute)，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;14. Juqian
Ginseng Breeding and Planting Professional Cooperative of Xiaoshan
Village，Songjianghe Town，Fusong County，Fusong 134500，Jilin Province，China;15. Quality Supervision，Inspection and Testing Center of
Ginseng and Antler Products，Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs，Jilin Agricultural
University，Changchun 130118，China;16. Jilin Gaofen
Remote Sensing Application Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Changchun 130012，China;17. College of Geo-exploration
Science and Technology，Jilin University，Changchun 130000，China;18. Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100101，China
Abstract: Fusong County, Jilin Province, renowned as a prominent hometown of ginseng in
China, is located in the hinterland of the Changbai
Mountains, the upper reaches of the Songhua River, and adjacent to Tianchi Lake of the Changbai
Mountains, with well-developed Cenozoic basaltic volcanic landforms. The case
study on the geographical indication habitat of ginseng facility agriculture in
Fusong covers three towns, namely Songjianghe , Quanyang and Donggang Towns in Fusong County, with a reserved ginseng planting area of 720
ha in 2025. Guided by unified government coordination and resource integration,
and relying on the market circulation advantages of a distribution hub, an
industrial paradigm of "promoting production through aggregation and
boosting aggregation via production" has been established. The soil
quality in the case area is superior to the national standard for soil
environmental quality, and the irrigation water quality is better than the
national standard for farmland irrigation water quality. In addition, the
complete vertical vegetation zonation, abundant litter from vegetation
communities, volcanic clastic substrate,and
unique climatic and topographic conditions; provide a highly suitable
ecological environment for ginseng growth. The pesticide residue and heavy
metal levels in Fusong ginseng are significantly
lower than the national safety standards, and the total ginsenoside, Re+Rg1, and Rb1 levels exceed the standards for Jilin Changbai Mountain Ginseng, a geographical indication product.
Through government-led formulation of industrial group standards, brand access
and promotion, combined with improved variety breeding, green plant protection,
and traceability by scientific research teams, as well as ginseng farmers’
participation in production and information feedback, high-quality and
sustainable development of the ginseng industry has been achieved under the
premise of ecological environment protection. The dataset of this case includes
the scope of the case area, physical geography environment data, product
characteristic data, and data on economic development and operation management.
Keywords: Fusong ginseng; Changbai Mountain;
GIES; sustainable development; Case 35
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2026.03.07
CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2026.03.07
.
1 Introduction
A
regionally favorable ecological environment is an inherent prerequisite for
ginseng growth and development. High‑quality ginseng also serves as an
important indicator of superior regional habitats. Fusong
County, located in the hinterland of the Changbai
Mountains and the upper reaches of the Songhua River and adjacent to Tianchi Lake of the Changbai
Mountains, is the core production area of Changbai
Mountain ginseng.
As the
main raw material for medicinal and edible homologous products, the supply of
high‑quality ginseng directly affects the safety demand for ginseng products
and the sound development of the ginseng ecological industrial economy [1]. According to the Pharmacopoeia of
the People’s Republic of China, cultivated ginseng is commonly known as “garden
ginseng”, and artificially cultivated “garden ginseng” is collectively referred
to as ginseng in the industry. In response to the need for sustainable
development of the ginseng industry in Fusong County,
this study focuses on artificially cultivated ginseng in facility agricultural
land as the research object.
From the
perspectives of the physical and geographical environment, product
characteristics, economic development, and operation management, the Case
Dataset on the Geographical Indication Habitat of Fusong
Ginseng Under Facility Agriculture [2] was constructed. This study aims to
provide data support for Fusong County to build a
practical path of “ecology first, green development” with the ginseng industry
as the core, and to promote ecological environment protection and sustainable
development in the Changbai Mountain region.
2 Metadata of
the Dataset
Information
including the title, author details, geographical scope, data year, dataset
composition, data publishing and sharing service platform, and data sharing
policy of the Case Dataset on the Geographical Indication Habitat of Fusong Ginseng Under Facility Agriculture [2] are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Brief Metadata
Table of the Case Dataset on the Geographical Indication Habitat of Fusong Ginseng Under Facility Agriculture
|
Items |
Description |
|
Dataset full name |
Case Dataset of Landmark Habitat for
Facility Agriculture of Fusong Ginseng |
|
Dataset short name |
FusongGinsengCase35 |
|
Authors |
Wang, J.G.,College of
Earth Sciences, Jilin University,wang_jg@jlu.edu.cn Cheng, X.L.,College of
Earth Sciences, Jilin University,chengxl24@mails.jlu.edu.cn Wang, D.,Fusong County
People’s Government,236147070@qq.com Wang, G.Fusong County People’s Government,364899194@qq.com Gao, J.T.,Fusong County Market Supervision Administration,84809029@qq.com Zhu, H.L.,Fusong
County Ginseng Industry Development Center,172953679@qq.com Du, Y.C.,Fusong County Market Supervision Administration,84809029@qq.com Zhang, W.X.,College
of Earth Sciences, Jilin University,wxzhang24@mails.jlu.edu.cn Li, H.,Fusong County
Ginseng Industry Development Center,lihao874@126.com Wang, X.,Fusong County Ginseng Industry
Development Center,fsxwx01@163.com Li, Z.Y.,People’s
Government of Songjianghe Town, Fusong
County,18943769000@163.com Jie, Z.Y.,People’s
Government of Quanyang Town, Fusong
County,940676056@qq.com Yu, H.J.,People’s
Government of Donggang Town, Fusong
County,410568085@qq.com Shi, L.,People’s
Government of Wanliang Town, Fusong
County,fsshilei@126.com Hou, Y.B.,Fusong
County Ginseng Association,339559006@qq.com Liu, W.Y.,Fusong
Ginseng Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.,13704490217@163.com Xu, H.Y.,Jilin Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd.,cbsxu@126.com Ma, Y.D.,Jilin Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd.;Baishan City Ginseng Industry Development Association,cbsma@126.com Qin, S.Z.,Juqian
Ginseng Breeding and Planting Professional Cooperative, Xiaoshan
Village, Songjianghe Town, Fusong
County, Yang, F.,Fusong County
Ginseng Industry Development Center,1175836669@qq.com Yan, H.,Fusong County
Ginseng Industry Development Center,609113920@qq.com Xu, X.W.,Quality
Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Ginseng and Antler Products,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University,xuxuanwei83@126.com Wang, L.,Jilin Gaofen Remote Sensing Application Research Institute Co.,
Ltd.,wang_lei_1992@126.com Chen, S.B.,College of Geo-exploration
Science and Technology, Jilin University,chensb@jlu.edu.cn Wang, Z.B.,Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,wangzb@igsnrr.ac.cn |
|
Geographical region |
Fusong County, Baishan City, Jilin
Province,127°01'E-128°06'E，41°42'N-42°49' N |
|
Year |
2000-2024 |
|
Data format |
.shp、.tif、.xlsx、.docx、.jpg |
|
Data size |
45.2 MB (19.7 MB when compressed) |
|
Data files |
Data on case study area scope, physical geography environment, product
characteristics, economic development and operation management |
|
Fund project |
Jilin Provincial Department of Market Regulation (2025) |
|
Data
publisher |
Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository, http://wwwgeodoi.ac.cn |
|
Address |
Institute of
Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences No. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District,Beijing 100101, China |
|
Data sharing policy |
(1) The
"Data" is made freely available to the public via the Internet
system in the most convenient manner, allowing users to browse and download
free of charge.(2) End users of the "Data" must cite the data
source in the references or an appropriate place, following the required
citation format.(3) Value-added service users, or any users who distribute or
disseminate the "Data" in any form (including through computer
servers), must sign a written agreement with the Editorial Office of theJournal of Global Change Data & Discoveryand obtain permission.(4) Authors who extract a
portion of the records from the "Data" to create new data must
adhere to the "10% citation principle": the data records extracted
from this dataset must account for less than 10% of the total records in the
new dataset. In addition, the source of the extracted data records must be
clearly indicated [3]. |
|
Communication
and searchable system |
DOI,CSTR,Crossref,DCI,CSCD,CNKI,SciEngine,WDS,ISC,GEOSS |
3 Case Dataset
Development
3.1 Case Area
Fusong County is situated in the
southeastern part of Jilin Province, the northern part of Baishan City, the
upper reaches of the Songhua River, and the northwestern foothills of the Changbai Mountains. It stretches 87 km from east to west
and 125 km from north to south, located between 127°01′E–128°06′E and
41°42′N–42°49′N. To the north, it borders Huadian City and Dunhua
City across the Second Songhua River; to the south, it is adjacent to Linjiang City and Changbai Korean
Autonomous County; to the east, it shares boundaries with Antu County and the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea; and to the west, it faces Jingyu County
across the river and adjoins Jiangyuan District. The
scope of this case study area covers three towns in Fusong
County, Jilin Province, namely Quanyangquan Town, Songjianghe Town, and Donggang
Town (Figure 1), with a total area of 1511.27 km².
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 1 Map of the
Case Study Area |
Figure 2 Elevation
Classification Map of Fusong County |
Figure 3 Slope
Classification Map of Fusong County |
3.2 Physical Geography Data
3.2.1 Topography
Fusong County is located on the
northeastern margin of the Sino-Korean Platform of the Eurasian Plate and has
well-developed Quaternary volcanic lava landforms. Based on DEM data from the
Resource and Environment Science and Data Center of China[1], the authors conducted topographic
and geomorphic analyses. The results show that the average altitude of the
county is approximately 700 m, and the terrain is high in the southeast and low
in the northwest (Figure 2), with an obvious elevation gradient but relatively
gentle relief. The overall spatial pattern is characterized by "steep
edges and gentle central parts." Land with a slope greater than 25°
accounts for only 4% of the total area, land with a slope of 0–2° accounts for
7.5%, and large areas of hillslopes with slopes of 2°–25° account for 88.5%.
This provides favorable slope conditions for ginseng rotation (Figure 3),
facilitates irrigation, drainage, mechanical operation, and daily management of
ginseng fields, and ensures large-scale production and stable quality of
ginseng [4].
3.2.2 Climatic Data
Fusong County, located in the mountainous
terrain of northeastern China, is characterized by a humid climate with
cold-temperate conditions. Winter (November–March) is characterized by high air
pressure, low temperature, low humidity, and low precipitation; summer
(June–August) features low air pressure, high temperature, high humidity, and
concentrated precipitation; and spring and autumn are transitional periods with
significant fluctuations in meteorological elements (Figure 4).
Meteorological
data for Fusong County from 2000 to 2024 show that
the annual average temperature ranges from 2.0 to 4.8 ℃, annual sunshine hours
fluctuate between 2,000.1 and 3,257.8 h, annual average wind speed varies
slightly from 1.8 to 2.5 m/s, and annual precipitation ranges from 480.3 to 1,143.6 mm.
The county has a long snow cover period in winter, with a maximum snow depth of
540 mm.
With four distinct
seasons, the county generally presents the characteristics of “long and severe
winters, mild and short summers, and cool annual average conditions,” which is
conducive to the growth and development of ginseng and the accumulation of
effective components such as ginsenosides [5].
Figure 4 Statistical
Analysis of Climate Change in Fusong County
3.2.3
Geological and Soil Conditions
|
|
|
Figure 5 Distribution Map of Sampling Sites |
The study area is
located in the core zone of the Cenozoic basaltic volcanic rock region of the Changbai Mountains, with significant geothermal anomalies
and extensive outcrops of volcanic rocks and pyroclastics [6]. Loose pyroclastic particles are fine‑grained, with
rapid soil‑forming rates, excellent water permeability, fertilizer retention,
and aeration properties [7]. They are rich in mineral elements essential for
plant growth, which significantly promotes vegetation development and
biological activity. Under hydrothermal processes, pyroclastics participate in
soil formation, creating a unique soil physical structure, abundant mineral
conditions [8], and suitable hibernation temperature conditions for
ginseng [9] in Fusong County.
The authors collected samples from
residual basalt blocks in the soil parent materials at four representative
ginseng industrial parks (Figure 5). The samples were sent to the Key
Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Natural
Resources for analysis. The results show that in terms of major elements, the
rocks are characterized by high iron and magnesium content and are rich in sodium,
potassium and phosphorus (Table 2).
The soil parent rock is
characterized by relative enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and
relative depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREE), with significant
enrichment of La, Rb, Nb, Sr, and Ba, and relative depletion of Ta. Heavy metal
analysis showed that the contents of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn were
significantly lower than their corresponding abundances in the continental
crust, whereas Ni and Cr were comparable to crustal abundances. The nutrient
element Se is notably higher than its crustal abundance.
The soil
types in Fusong County are dominated by soils and
dark brown soils. A large area of sandy loam with moderate bulk density has
formed under the pyroclastic parent material,. This is
conducive to maintaining the normal morphological development of ginseng roots,
ensureing good aeration, keeping the soil moist but
not waterlogged, and preventing root rot caused by excessive moisture or growth
inhibition due to drought [6]. Pyroclastic materials
mixed with litter from coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests participate in
soil formation, resulting in abundant mineral content, strong nitrogen fixation
capacity, and significant humus accumulation [10], making these soils highly
favorable for large-scale cultivation of ginseng .
Soil
samples were collected from ginseng beds at four representative ginseng
industrial parks in the study area (Figure 5)at a
depth of 40 cm. The samples were sent to the Northeast Institute of Geography
and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for analysis. Tests of the basic
physical and chemical properties showed that the soil was weakly acidic, highly
fertile, and free of salinization risk (Table 3). According to the reference
standard Green Food - Environmental Quality for Production Areas (NY/T 391–2021)
[11], the contents of total
nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium reach Grade Ⅰ soil
fertility level. In terms of nutrients and beneficial elements, the average
selenium content in the soil samples was 3.02 mg/kg, which is classified as
green selenium‑rich soil according to the Delimitation and Identification of
Natural Selenium‑Rich Land (Trial) (DD 2019-10) [12] (Table 4). Regarding heavy metal
pollution, the concentrations of Cd, Hg, As, Pd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in the soil
of the case study area were all far below the risk screening values specified
in the Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Soil
Contamination of Agricultural Land (Trial) (GB 15618-2018) [13] (Table 5). For organic pollution,
the total contents of benzene hexachloride (∑BHC),
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT), and other indicators are also far below
the control thresholds stipulated in the same national standard (GB 15618-2018)
[13].
Table 2 Concentrations of Major Elements in Rock Samples
Unit: g/100g
|
Test Indicators |
Si |
Fe |
Ca |
Al |
Mg |
Na |
Ti |
K |
P |
Mn |
|
R1-1 |
25.25 |
6.86 |
3.75 |
4.3 |
2.87 |
2.85 |
1.01 |
1.11 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
|
R2-1 |
23.39 |
8.9 |
5.39 |
4.17 |
2.77 |
2.24 |
1.4 |
0.62 |
0.2 |
0.21 |
|
R3-1 |
22.38 |
9.59 |
5.18 |
4.19 |
4.23 |
2.08 |
1.38 |
1 |
0.19 |
0.15 |
|
R4-1 |
26.25 |
5.79 |
5.02 |
3.98 |
3.24 |
1.76 |
0.55 |
1.52 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
Table 3 Physical and
Chemical Properties and Nutrient Contents of Soil Samples
|
Test Indicators |
pH |
EC |
CEC |
TN |
AN |
AP |
AK |
|
Unit |
- |
μS/cm |
cmol/kg |
g/kg |
mg/kg |
mg/kg |
mg/kg |
|
S1-1 |
6.32 |
96.7 |
37.18 |
1.78 |
147.9 |
10.14 |
105.35 |
|
S1-2 |
5.03 |
101.8 |
37.59 |
1.1 |
180.4 |
22 |
112.46 |
|
S2-2 |
5.78 |
36.4 |
36.07 |
1.37 |
194.9 |
5.59 |
118.28 |
|
S2-3 |
5.59 |
76.6 |
52.87 |
3.83 |
389.7 |
10.13 |
165.26 |
|
S3-1 |
5.14 |
76.9 |
37.31 |
2.24 |
256.9 |
16.16 |
177.52 |
|
S3-2 |
5.26 |
58.6 |
36.07 |
2 |
280 |
18.18 |
153.71 |
|
S4-1 |
5.03 |
125.8 |
51.43 |
3.12 |
454.7 |
16.31 |
211.68 |
|
S4-2 |
5.02 |
102.1 |
39.57 |
1.5 |
281.5 |
20.54 |
172.01 |
|
NY/T 391-2021Limits[11] |
- |
- |
- |
Ⅰ(>1.0) |
- |
Ⅰ(>10) |
Ⅰ(>100) |
Table 4 Contents of
Nutrient and Beneficial Elements in Soil Samples
|
Test Indicators |
Se |
Na |
Mg |
K |
Ca |
Fe |
Mn |
|
Unit |
mg/kg |
g/kg |
g/kg |
g/kg |
g/kg |
g/kg |
g/kg |
|
S1-1 |
3.21 |
12.94 |
7.4 |
17.6 |
4.36 |
26.52 |
0.381 |
|
S1-2 |
2.91 |
10.63 |
7.35 |
16.96 |
3.95 |
33.14 |
0.39 |
|
S2-2 |
2.62 |
13.45 |
11.04 |
16.89 |
4.59 |
35.13 |
0.449 |
|
S2-3 |
3.13 |
10.5 |
9.53 |
16.78 |
4.05 |
30.37 |
0.797 |
|
S3-1 |
3.29 |
10.46 |
6.67 |
15.13 |
3.26 |
25.51 |
0.3 |
|
S3-2 |
3.06 |
10.65 |
6.91 |
17.19 |
3.53 |
27.7 |
0.349 |
|
S4-1 |
3.27 |
8.46 |
7.54 |
14.51 |
5.6 |
39.7 |
0.626 |
|
S4-2 |
2.65 |
9.47 |
6.93 |
16.17 |
4.61 |
39.57 |
0.575 |
Table 5 Test Results of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil Samples
Unit:mg/kg
|
Test Indicators |
Cd |
Hg |
As |
Pb |
Cr |
Cu |
Ni |
Zn |
|
S1-1 |
0.077 |
0.062 |
8.944 |
23.26 |
52.61 |
12.68 |
29.74 |
65.31 |
|
S1-2 |
0.038 |
0.071 |
10.268 |
13.38 |
86.56 |
10.52 |
37.39 |
45.2 |
|
S2-2 |
0.104 |
0.03 |
11.168 |
22.49 |
79.51 |
20.07 |
46.54 |
73.06 |
|
S2-3 |
0.178 |
0.073 |
10.575 |
18.6 |
79.30 |
14.19 |
36.07 |
80.37 |
|
S3-1 |
0.081 |
0.058 |
6.474 |
21.88 |
86.66 |
13.17 |
33.87 |
72.39 |
|
S3-2 |
0.082 |
0.096 |
8.575 |
21.09 |
83.70 |
13.97 |
37.60 |
75.69 |
|
S4-1 |
0.088 |
0.082 |
10.688 |
18.19 |
109.37 |
14.74 |
60.53 |
106.46 |
|
S4-2 |
0.085 |
0.093 |
9.193 |
16.91 |
75.79 |
19.54 |
63.20 |
76.47 |
|
GB 15618-2018Limits[13] |
0.3 |
1.8 |
40 |
90 |
150 |
50 |
100 |
200 |
3.2.4 Water Conditions Data
Fusong County lies at the source of the
Songhua and Yalu Rivers.The irrigation water for
ginseng in the study area belongs to the Songhua River system. Donggang and Songjianghe towns
rely on the Toudao Songhua River and its tributary,the Songjianghe
River, whereas Quanyang Town depends on the Erdao Songhua River and its tributaries, the Lazi and Quanyang River. Irrigation water samples were collected
from typical parks (Figure 5): well water in Songjianghe
Town (WJ1-1), river water in Quanyang Town (WG3-1),
well water (WJ2-1), and river water (WG2-1, WG4-1) in Donggang
Town. All samples were tested at the Testing Center of the Northeast Institute
of Geography and Agroecology, CAS. The results show that the irrigation water
is high‑quality low‑salt soft water, rich in Ca, Mg, S, P and other macroelements (Table 6), which helps maintain soil cation
balance and supports healthy ginseng growth.
Table 6 Test Results of Conventional
Indicators for Irrigation Water Samples
|
Test Indicators |
Unit |
WG2-1 |
WG3-1 |
WG4-1 |
WJ1-1 |
WJ2-2 |
|
EC |
us/cm |
66.40 |
33.90 |
33.40 |
220.00 |
210.00 |
|
HCO3- |
mg/L |
18.69 |
14.28 |
16.10 |
125.13 |
121.50 |
|
TA |
mg/L |
15.33 |
11.71 |
13.20 |
102.65 |
99.67 |
|
Ca2+ |
mg/L |
7.96 |
2.92 |
2.93 |
31.09 |
31.12 |
|
SO42- |
mg/L |
6.20 |
4.60 |
3.42 |
8.78 |
8.66 |
|
Na+ |
mg/L |
2.328 |
1.704 |
2.630 |
7.896 |
7.871 |
|
Mg2+ |
mg/L |
1.785 |
0.787 |
1.439 |
6.444 |
6.427 |
|
P |
mg/L |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
The
average pH value was 6.92, within the suitable range of 5.5–8.5 specified in the
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084–2021) [14]. The mean values of suspended
solids, five‑day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), and anionic surfactants were 5.20 mg/L, 1.79 mg/L,
11.03 mg/L, and 0.030 mg/L, respectively, all at low levels. Chloride (8.95
mg/L), sulfide (0.006 mg/L), and total salt content (125.8 mg/L) met crop
physiological requirements and are far below the standard limits, indicating no
salinization risk (Table 7). Among the heavy metals and other indicators,
hexavalent chromium was not detected. The total mercury (0.057 μg/L) and all other heavy metal indicators were well below
standard limits. The total boron (0.134 mg/L) was suitable for crop growth,
fluoride (0.616 mg/L) was at a safe low level, and cyanide showed no
abnormality. All indicators met the irrigation requirements specified in the National
Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084–2021) [14] (Table 7).
Table 7 Test Results of Limited
Items for Irrigation Water Samples
|
Test Indicators |
Unit |
WG2-1 |
WG3-1 |
WG4-1 |
WJ1-1 |
WJ2-2 |
GB 5084—2021Limits[14] |
|
pH |
- |
6.4 |
6.34 |
6.43 |
7.71 |
7.72 |
5.5-8.5 |
|
SS |
mg/L |
8.00 |
7.00 |
3.00 |
4.00 |
4.00 |
100 |
|
BOD₅ |
mg/L |
1.5 |
4.34 |
0.06 |
1.3 |
1.75 |
100 |
|
CODcr |
mg/L |
3.244 |
4.055 |
28.386 |
16.221 |
3.244 |
200 |
|
AS |
mg/L |
0.045 |
0.021 |
0.023 |
0.016 |
0.047 |
8 |
|
Cl⁻ |
mg/L |
7.1 |
5.68 |
5.964 |
10.65 |
15.336 |
350 |
|
S²⁻ |
mg/L |
0.009 |
0.007 |
0.011 |
0.003 |
0.002 |
1 |
|
TSC |
mg/L |
93 |
97 |
144 |
268 |
47 |
1,000 |
|
Pb |
μg/L |
2.46 |
3.30 |
3.05 |
3.24 |
2.75 |
200 |
|
Cd |
μg/L |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
10 |
|
Cr⁶⁺ |
mg/L |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
0.1 |
|
Hg |
μg/L |
0.089 |
0.019 |
0.012 |
0.145 |
0.020 |
1 |
|
As |
μg/L |
1.685 |
2.851 |
2.723 |
2.214 |
2.780 |
100 |
|
Ni |
μg/L |
1.069 |
2.441 |
2.199 |
2.588 |
7.075 |
1,000 |
|
B |
mg/L |
0.104 |
0.123 |
0.167 |
0.113 |
0.164 |
1 |
|
Cu |
μg/L |
3.25 |
3.86 |
3.04 |
3.59 |
1.46 |
1,000 |
|
Zn |
μg/L |
37.25 |
15.83 |
15.82 |
59.60 |
39.77 |
2,000 |
|
Se |
μg/L |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
20 |
|
F⁻ |
mg/L |
0.091 |
1.076 |
0.110 |
0.306 |
1.495 |
2 |
|
CN⁻ |
μg/L |
0.259 |
0.176 |
0.126 |
0.018 |
0.215 |
0.5 |
Note: ND, not detected.
3.2.5 Vegetation Coverage
|
|
|
Figure 6 NDVI
Classification Map of Fusong County |
The Changbai
Mountain region, where the study area is located, has complete vertical vegetation zonation,
ranging from temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests to cold-temperate
coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests [15].The NDVI was extracted and classified from 2024 Sentinel-2 images obtained
from the Geospatial Data Cloud[2]. The average NDVI
of the county was 0.69 (Figure 6). According to the 2024 survey data, 2,639
wild plant species have been identified, belonging to 92 orders, 260 families,
and 877 genera. High species richness forms a complex, multi-layered community
structure [16]. High canopy closure (NDVI = 0.69) and vegetation coverage (90%) provide
stable shaded, warm, and humid conditions. This matches the physiological
traits of ginseng, which is shade-tolerant, humidity-loving and light-sensitive
[17]. Mixed decomposition of multi-species litter enhances soil microbial
activity. This promotes the release of humic acid and mineral nutrients,
maintaining efficient nutrient cycling for ginseng root growth [18].
3.3 Land use
The author classified and counted
land use in Fusong County using the China Land Cover
Dataset (CLCD) [17].Fusong County covers a total area of 6,159
km².Forest, farmland, grassland, water bodies, and impervious surfaces accounted
for 93.09%, 4.77%, 0.65%, 0.58%, and 0.90%, of the total area, respectively,highlighting a land use pattern dominated by
forest ecosystems with low human disturbance.
Fusong County has explored optimized land
allocation models for ginseng cultivation. Combined with scattered logging and
regeneration in forest areas, suitable sloped sites are selected for land
preparation, shed covering, and cultivation. Broad-leaved tree species, such as
Mongolian oak, are interplanted among ginseng beds [10], and forests are restored immediately after ginseng harvest. This approach
makes full use of forest ecological conditions and effectively prevents soil
erosion in the area. This study also lays a foundation for vegetation
restoration and the sustainable use of ginseng gardens, actively promoting
green ecological transformation.
3.4 Product Quality Data
Ginseng samples were randomly collected from representative plantations
(Figure 5): 5-year ginseng from Songjianghe Town
(Code G1-1), 6-year ginseng from Quanyang Town (Codes
G3-1, G3-2), and 6-year ginseng from Donggang Town
(Code G4-1). For the comparative analysis of ginseng products at different
ages, additional samples were gathered: 4-year ginseng from Songjianghe
Town (G5-1), 3-year ginseng from Donggang Town
(G6-1), and 2-year ginseng from Songjianghe Town
(G7-1). All samples were tested at the Sino-Vegetable and Animal Products
Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University.
Ginseng products of different ages in Fusong
County show excellent safety and quality levels. Six organochlorine pesticide
residues were detected in all samples, including HCH, DDT, quintozene, aldrin +
dieldrin, and cyhalothrin. Six organophosphorus pesticide residues, namely
malathion, parathion, monocrotophos, dimethoate, methamidophos, and chlorpyrifos, were analyzed. Six
insecticide residues were detected: phorate, isofenphos-methyl,
endosulfan, tetrachlorvinphos, methidathion, and acephate. Twelve fungicide residues were tested:
propiconazole, metalaxyl, cyprodinil, flusilazole,
tebuconazole, difenoconazole, pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin,
fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, propamocarb, and
dimethomorph. The residues of five metals residues, including
As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Hg, were also measured. All residues were either not
detected or were present at low levels. All results met the limit requirements
specified in Geographical Indication Products—Jilin Changbaishan Ginseng (GB 19506-2009) [19].
In terms of medicinal ingredients, samples of different ages showed
significant differences (Table 8). Six-year-old ginseng has the highest
ginsenoside accumulation. Sample G4-1 from Donggang
Town had a total ginsenoside content of 3.76%. Its Rb1 (0.80%) and Re+Rg1
(0.65%) contents were the highest. The five-year-old sample G1-1 from Songjianghe Town had a total ginsenoside content of 2.89%.
The total saponin content of 2–4-year-old samples ranged from 3.01% to 3.34%. All
samples met the requirements for ginseng in GB 19506-2009 [19] and the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 Edition,
Volume I) [20]. However, they are generally lower than those of 5–6-year-old samples. The
saponin indices of all 5–6-year-old samples were significantly higher than the
two standards. The Rb1 content was more than twice the standard value. This
supports the traditional view that ginseng over five years old has high
medicinal value. Considering safety, active ingredients, and economic benefits,
Fusong ginseng harvested at six years of age shows
superior quality. However, all ginseng products have good medicinal value over
five years . Mineral element analysis showed (Table 9)
that Se was not detected. K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn and other essential elements were
present at relatively high levels.
Table 8 Physical and Chemical Index Test Data of Ginseng Samples
Unit:%
|
Test Indicators |
Rb1 |
Re+Rg1 |
TG |
Rc |
Rb2 |
Rf |
|
GB 19506-2009Limits[19] |
≥0.20 |
≥0.30 |
≥2.50 |
- - |
- |
- |
|
Pharmacopoeia Limits[20] |
≥0.20 |
≥0.30 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
G1-1 |
0.59 |
0.46 |
2.89 |
0.23 |
0.26 |
0.08 |
|
G3-1 |
0.66 |
0.50 |
3.55 |
0.27 |
0.36 |
0.08 |
|
G3-2 |
0.41 |
0.38 |
2.78 |
0.18 |
0.17 |
0.05 |
|
G4-1 |
0.80 |
0.65 |
3.76 |
0.31 |
0.39 |
0.10 |
|
G5-1 |
0.22 |
0.65 |
3.01 |
- - |
- |
- |
|
G6-1 |
0.27 |
0.77 |
3.34 |
- |
- |
- |
|
G7-1 |
0.25 |
0.67 |
3.22 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Judgment results |
Qualified |
Qualified |
Qualified |
- |
- |
- |
Table 9 Test Data of Mineral Elements in Ginseng Samples
Unit:mg/kg
|
Test Indicators |
K |
Mg |
Ca |
Na |
Fe |
Zn |
Se |
|
G1-1 |
12,311.60 |
1,481.30 |
1,079.10 |
55.70 |
41.90 |
20.00 |
ND |
|
G3-1 |
12,242.20 |
1,289.60 |
1,053.00 |
108.60 |
37.10 |
15.50 |
ND |
|
G3-2 |
10,331.50 |
1,518.70 |
961.70 |
294.20 |
42.80 |
15.00 |
ND |
|
G4-1 |
12,271.00 |
1,270.50 |
1,038.10 |
105.80 |
37.10 |
16.90 |
ND |
Note: ND, not detected.
4 Socioeconomic Development
and Industrial Management
4.1 Population, Economy and Ginseng Industry
Development
In 2024, the registered population of Fusong
County was 259,953, with an urbanization rate of 73.9% and a regional GDP of
14.477 billion yuan [21]. The permanent populations of Songjianghe Town was 56,046, Quanyang Town 21,637,
and Donggang Town 1,688. The three towns together
accounted for 36.5% of the total population of the county.
|
|
|
Figure 7 Brand Logo of Fusong Ginseng |
|
|
|
Figure 8 Geographical
Indication of Changbai Mountain Ginseng |
As a core pillar industry of Fusong County, the
ginseng industry has shown strong development. In terms of industrial scale,
the reserved ginseng planting area in Fusong reached
720 ha in 2024, with an output value of 314 million yuan,
accounting for 2.17% of the county’s gross domestic product(GDP).
There are more than 3,200 ginseng businesses, and the output value of the
entire industrial chain reached 18.64 billion yuan. In variety breeding, Fusong has developed more than 20 high-quality new ginseng
varieties, including Fuxing No.1 and Fuxing No.2, which feature high disease resistance and
ginsenoside content. A ginseng germplasm resource nursery has been established,
and eight high-quality varieties have been bred [22], supporting the upgrading of characteristic agriculture. In terms of
product branding, Fusong successfully applied for the
"Fusong Ginseng" geographical certification
trademark in 2010 (Figure 7). On November 6, 2022, a new logo was approved by
the China National Intellectual Property Administration. As the core production
area for Changbai Mountain ginseng, it helped "Changbai Mountain Ginseng" enter the second batch of
China-EU geographical indication protection list in July 2020. Fusong has become a representative core production area of
national geographical indication protected products (Figure 8). As the largest
core ginseng production area and distribution center in China, Fusong ginseng has established an important position in the
industry with a stable supply and standardized quality standards, becoming a
key force driving industrial development.
4.2 Cultivation Techniques of Artificially Planted
Garden Ginseng
The ginseng studied in the case area was artificially cultivated garden
ginseng. It is a perennial herb of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. Its growth cycle is 4 to 6 years, with distinct
planting characteristics and strict management. Site selection requires a slope
of less than 25° and good drainage. Dark brown or albic soil is suitable,
avoiding previous rhizome crops. Land preparation should be completed in the
year prior. Deep plowing is conducted to a depth of 30–40 cm, followed by
disinfection and bed making. The bed height was 20–25 cm and th width was 100–120 cm. After the germination treatment,
until the cracking rate exceeds 90%, seeds can be sown in autumn (after
mid-October) or spring (late April to early May). Transplanting uses
2–3-year-old seedlings with oblique planting methods. The spacing was 10 cm ×
20 cm, with soil covering 5–8 cm. Field management is implemented carefully.
Sheds were erected for shading with a light transmittance of 10%–20%. Organic
fertilizers are applied, and the soil is loosened and weeded. Flower buds of
3–4-year-old ginseng plants are removed. Light and water are adjusted according
to meteorological data, and pest and disease control are performed. Harvesting
is conducted in September of the 4th to 6th year after planting. It also has
obvious and distinguishable morphological characteristics. The main root was either
fusiform or cylindrical. The plant height is 45–55 cm, with palmately compound
leaves. The fibrous roots were dense and slender.
4.3 Fusong Ginseng Group
Standards and Pesticide Control
Fusong County has focused on promoting group-standard development and pesticide
control in the ginseng industry. Relying on the Ginseng Association, a series
of group standards have been formulated covering seed germination, seedling
breeding, variety breeding, land selection and preparation, sowing and
transplanting, field management, harvesting, and processing. A closed-loop
management mechanism for the group standards was established. An alliance of
"group standards + enterprises + cooperatives + farmers" has been
built, with a standardization coverage rate of 78. Implementation has been
strengthened through the dynamic revision of standards and cloud platform-based
queries and training. A negative list of pesticides has also been issued. In
accordance with relevant regulations, 46 high-residue pesticides including HCH,
DDT, phorate, parathion and carbofuran, are banned. .Twenty
pesticides including methamidophos and omethoate,are restricted. .Illegal use is strictly prohibited. Biological and physical
control methods have been promoted. The safe interval period for pesticides was
strictly implemented. No banned pesticides were detected in the tests. A
win-win situation of clean production areas and ecological benefits was
achieved.
4.4 Traceability Technology Support for "Fusong Ginseng"
|
|
|
|
Figure 9 Habitat
Ground Station in the Case Study Area (Completed in 2025) |
|
The Jilin Shenwang Plant Protection Base of Fusong National Modern Agricultural Industrial Park is the
only national-level regional Chinese herbal medicine seed breeding base in the province.
Relying on a seed resource bank, a ginseng traceability digital database
covering the three northeastern provinces has been built. Together with the Changbai Mountain Ginseng Planting Alliance,a traceability management system was
established. It has a comprehensive experimental demonstration base of nearly
200 ha, including a 30.06 ha green food certified base. Pesticide application
records of all planting entities are integrated into the system, realizing the full
traceability of ginseng from seeds to finished products. Meanwhile, the project
built a fully automatic habitat ground station at the Ginseng Industrial Park
in Songjianghe Town, Fusong
County. It can monitor real-time environmental data, such as temperature,
humidity, wind speed,
soil temperature and moisture. This supports precise traceability
and park management (Figure 9).
5 Fusong
Ginseng Culture
Fusong County represents the cradle of mainstream ginseng culture in China and
holds the distinguished designation of "Hometown of Chinese Ginseng
Culture". The county boasts a cultivation heritage spanning over 400 years
of artificial ginseng farming,grounded
in profound cultural and industrial foundations. As early as the Han Dynasty,
ginseng was regarded as an auspicious herb. Shennong
Ben Cao Jing (Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica)
listed it as a top-grade medicine, establishing its medicinal value as
"mainly tonifying the five zang-organs" [23]. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the first
state-owned ginseng farm was established locally. A complete system gradually
took shape, covering improved variety breeding, standardized planting, and
intensive processing. In 1985, Fusong was awarded the
title of "Hometown of Chinese Ginseng". Currently, the ginseng
planting area exceeds 6,666.67 ha, with an annual output of fresh ginseng
reaching 10,000 tons, making it a benchmark in China’s ginseng industry. Local
legends such as the Ginseng Girl and Ginseng Doll [24] have been passed down and evolved into classic literary and artistic
works, forming unique regional cultural symbols. Based on inheriting
traditional ginseng cultivation techniques, Fusong
integrates the experience of the older generation with scientific standards. It
has transformed traditional cultivation proverbs into national standards, bred
high-quality varieties, and formulated the Technical Code for Changbai Mountain Ginseng Cultivation, thereby establishing
an industry benchmark. Since 1987, the China Fusong Changbai Mountain Ginseng Festival has been held for 39
sessions. Through cultural exhibitions, picking experiences, and 51 intangible
cultural heritage items, it has continuously promoted ginseng culture at home
and abroad, achieving an organic integration of traditional skill inheritance
and modern cultural development [25].
6 Discussion and
Conclusions
The ginseng industry in Fusong County has formed a collaborative development
framework supported by natural ecology, driven by the social economy, and
empowered by technology and culture. Through the precise utilization of natural
endowments, standardized construction of the industrial system, and in-depth
exploration of cultural resources, the preliminary integration of ecological,
economic, and social benefits has been achieved. This project successfully
constructed a five-in-one collaborative innovation system of "government,
industry, university, research, and application". An operational mechanism
with the organic connection of "drive–support–implementation" has
been formed. This system uses habitat landmarks and sustainable development as
the innovation engine, driving the exploration of cutting-edge theories and
breakthroughs in core technologies. Government agencies and scientific research
institutions are the system hubs that provide policy guidance and resource
support. Leading enterprises and industry associations are used as
implementation terminals to promote technology transformation and market
application, forming a complete closed loop from theory to practice. By
connecting the innovation, industrial, and service chains, a sustainable
development pattern with multi-party coordination and complementary advantages
has been realized. Supported by this system, Fusong
ginseng products not only have excellent quality but also highlight their regional
characteristics. An industrial development framework based on natural ecology,
driven by the social economy, and empowered by technology and culture has been
established. This exploration not only provides a demonstration for regional
characteristic industries to coordinate ecological protection and upgrading,
but also contributes a Chinese solution of "ecology priority, brand
leadership, and technology-driven quality improvement" to the global
ginseng industry.
Author Contributions：Wang, J.G. was responsible for the overall research of this case study.
Wang, D., Wang, G., Gao, J.T., Zhu, H.L., Li, H., Shi, L., Du, Y.C., Wang, X.,
Li, Z.Y., Jie, Z.Y., Yu, H.J., Yang, F., Yan, H. and Liu, W.Y. were responsible
for project coordination and participated in the project design and research
& development. Hou, Y.B. and Guo, X.J. provided constructive suggestions
for project design and dataset collection. Xu, H.Y. and Ma, Y.D. provided
technical support in enterprise management data and sample collection for the
case study, and put forward comments on the revision of the paper. Cheng, X.L.
and Zhang, W.X. were responsible for the collection of soil, rock, ginseng and
water samples, and completed data processing and part of the paper writing. Xu,
X.W. participated in the detection and analysis of ginseng samples. Wang, L.
was responsible for the construction of the ecological environment monitoring
station and technical support for dynamic data.
Acknowledgements：Sincere gratitude is extended to all institutions and individuals who
provided support and assistance for this study.
Conflicts of Interest：The authors declare no
conflicts of interest.
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