GIES Case Study on the
Basaltic Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixed Forest of Quanyang
Town, Fusong Mineral Water Area
BIAN
Jianmin1, WANG Ding2, WANG Fan1, LI Yining1,
SUN Xiaoqing1, LI Yihan1, WANG Gang2, GAO
Jiantang3, DU Yuchuan3, ZHANG Jiaming4, PAN
Xuhui5, LIU Xiangyun5, HUANG Xiaoyan5, LIU
Liankun3, DING Zhiying6, GAO He7, CHEN Shengbo8,
WANG Zhenbo9
1.
College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,
China; 2. People's Government of Fusong County,
Baishan 134500, China; 3. Administration for Market Regulation of Fusong County, Baishan 134500, China; 4. People's
Government of Quanyang Town, Fusong
County, Baishan 134500, China; 5. Jilin Sengong Group
Spring Quanyang Beverage Co., Ltd., Baishan 134505,
China; 6. School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; 7.
Hydrogeological Survey Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun 130042, China; 8.
College of Geoexploration Science and Technology,
Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; 9. Institute of Geographical
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100010, China.
Abstract
Quanyang
Town, located in Fusong County, is situated within
the basaltic plateau and primeval forest hinterland of the Changbai
Mountains, Jilin Province. It represents a quintessential region for the
occurrence, exploitation, and utilization of natural mineral water in the Changbai Mountain area. The study area encompasses
approximately 589.84 km2, governing 10 administrative villages and 6
communities. According to 2023 statistical data, the total population is
26,372, with an urban population of 23,332. Quanyangquan mineral water is distinguished
by its abundant recharge, superior hydrogeological occurrence conditions, and
significant resource scale. Analysis of environmental drivers indicates that
the area lies within a north temperate continental monsoon climate zone. The
unique basaltic geological framework, coupled with high forest coverage, weakly
acidic soils rich in organic matter, and robust deep groundwater circulation,
collectively facilitate precipitation infiltration and water-rock interactions,
ensuring the stable formation of mineral water. The
mineral water is predominantly weakly alkaline (pH 7.2–7.5) and is
characterized by low sodium (4.28 mg/L), low mineralization, and elevated metasilicic acid content (18.3–28.1 mg/L; 28.1 mg/L in
product), strictly adhering to the limit requirements of the National Standard
for Drinking Natural Mineral Water (GB 8537—2018). The hydrochemical
facies are dominated by the HCO3—Ca·Mg type. Recharged by
deep circulation, the water source maintains long-term stability in both yield
and quality. Furthermore, the peripheral aquatic environment exhibits a
pristine hydrochemical background with low salinity
and low heavy metal concentrations, reflecting a favorable ecological status.
Keywords:
Quanyangquan mineral water; Quanyang
Town; basaltic plateau; GIES; Case 34
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2026.03.06
CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2026.03.06
1 Introduction
With the ongoing evolution of consumer structures and the
intensifying emphasis on health-conscious hydration, natural mineral water has
transitioned from a conventional commodity into a high-value resource
characterized by its ecological, qualitative, and brand-driven attributes. In
recent years, national strategies—such as the "Healthy China"
initiative and the advancement of "Ecological Civilization"—have
prioritized the high-quality exploitation of regional specialty resources. These
initiatives emphasize holistic, full-lifecycle management, ranging from
upstream ecosystem conservation and stringent quality control to brand
cultivation and cross-industry synergy. In this context, characteristic mineral
water resources—forged by pristine environments and stable natural
endowments—serve not only as indispensable components of high-quality drinking
water supply chains but also as critical catalysts for realizing the value of
ecological products and fostering regional green development.
Fusong
County represents one of the most concentrated and qualitatively representative
areas for natural mineral water resources in China [1–3]. Driven by
the synergistic interplay of volcanic geological frameworks, forest ecosystems,
precipitation recharge conditions, and minimal anthropogenic disturbance,
numerous high-quality mineral water sources with significant developmental
value have formed within the region. Preliminary investigations suggest that
this source is characterized by stable recharge conditions, a substantial
resource scale, and exceptional, long-term water quality stability. However,
existing research has predominantly focused on the genesis, hydrochemical
characteristics, or resource exploitation assessment of Changbai
Mountain mineral water. Consequently, the systematic correlation between the
habitat conditions, environmental support mechanisms, and product quality
foundations—which underpin Quanyangquan as a premium
geographical product—and its conservation management remains to be further
elucidated.
Accordingly, this study targets the mineral water in Quanyang Town, Changbai
Mountains, as a quintessential case for investigation. By integrating
multi-dimensional factors—including geological frameworks, geomorphological
features, forest vegetation, soil environments, hydrochemical
characteristics, and conservation management protocols—and leveraging empirical
data from field investigations, sample collection, and laboratory analyses,
this research systematically elucidates the habitat characteristics and their
formative influence on mineral water quality. The objective is to establish an
empirical foundation for the habitat conservation, quality attribution, and
sustainable development of Quanyangquan, while
providing a strategic reference for the protection, utilization, and brand
fortification of premium mineral water resources across the Changbai
Mountain region.
2 Introduction to
Dataset
The title, authors, geographic area, data year, dataset
composition, data publication and sharing platform, and data sharing policy for
the “A Case Study on the Geographical Indication Habitat of Quanyang
Mineral Water in the Basaltic Mixed Forest of Fusong”
[4] are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Metadata Summary Table of a Case Study of the Landmark
Habitat in the Basaltic Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixed Forest of Quanyang Town, Fusong Mineral
Water Area
|
Discription |
|
|
Dataset Title |
A Case Study of the
Landmark Habitat in the Basaltic Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixed Forest of Quanyang Town, Fusong Mineral
Water Area |
|
Dataset short name |
FusongMineralWaterCase |
|
Author informations |
BIAN Jianmin, College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Email: bianjm@jlu.edu.cn WANG Ding, People's Government
of Fusong County, Email: 236147070@qq.com WANG Fan, College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Email: fanwang24@mails.jlu.edu.cn LI Yining, College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Email: yining24@mails.jlu.edu.cn SUN Xiaoqing, College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Email: sunxq13@jlu.edu.cn LI Yihan, College of New
Energy and Environment, Jilin University WANG Gang, People's Government
of Fusong County, Email: 364899194@qq.com GAO Jiantang, Administration
for Market Regulation of Fusong County, Email:
84809029@qq.com DU Yuchuan,
Administration for Market Regulation of Fusong
County ZHANG Jiaming, People's
Government of Quanyang Town, Fusong
County PAN Xuhui, Jilin Sengong Group Spring Quanyang
Beverage Co., Ltd. LIU Xiangyun,
Jilin Sengong Group Spring Quanyang
Beverage Co., Ltd. HUANG Xiaoyan, Jilin Sengong Group Spring Quanyang
Beverage Co., Ltd. LIU Liankun,
Administration for Market Regulation of Fusong
County DING Zhiying,
School of Pharmacy, Jilin University GAO He, Hydrogeological Survey
Institute of Jilin Province CHEN Shengbo, College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University,
Email: chensb@jlu.edu.cn WANG Zhenbo,
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Email: wangzb@igsnrr.ac.cn |
|
Geographical Area |
Quanyang Town, Fusong
County, Baishan City, Jilin Province |
|
Data Age |
2000-2025 |
|
Data Format |
.shp、.xlsx、.docx、.jpg |
|
Data Size |
15.6 MB |
|
Composition of the Dataset |
Contains 4 data folders:
1_Boundary: Case area location data 2_PhysicalGeography: Natural geographic
data 3_ChangbaishanMineralWater: Mineral water quality-related data
4_Management: Operational management data |
|
Fund Project |
Jilin Provincial
Administration for Market Regulation |
|
Publishing and Sharing Service
Platform |
Global Change Science Research
Data Publication System http://www.geodoi.ac.cn |
|
Adress |
Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101,
No. 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing,
China |
|
Data Sharing Policy |
The “data” within the Global
Change Science Research Data Publication System encompasses metadata (in
Chinese and English), physical datasets published via the Global Change Data
Warehouse Electronic Journal (in Chinese and English), and data papers published
via the Global Change Data Science Journal (in Chinese and English). Its
sharing policy is as follows: (1) “Data” is freely accessible to the entire
society via the most convenient internet system, with users enjoying free
browsing and free downloading; (2) End-users utilizing the “data” must cite
the data source in references or appropriate locations according to citation
formats; (3) Users providing value-added services or
distributing/disseminating the “data” in any form (including via computer servers)
must sign a written agreement with the editorial office of the Journal of
Global Change Data Science (Chinese and English) to obtain permission; (4)
Authors creating new datasets by extracting partial records from the “Data”
must adhere to the 10% citation principle: the number of extracted records
must constitute less than 10% of the total records in the new dataset, and
the source of the extracted records must be clearly attributed[5] |
|
Data and Thesis Retrieval
System |
DOI，CSTR，Crossref，DCI，CSCD，CNKI，SciEngine，WDS/ISC，GEOSS |
3 Environmental and
Ecological Data
3.1 Scope and Overview of the
Case Studies Section
The water source for the Fusong mineral water
case in Quanyang Town is located in Quanyang Town, Fusong County,
Baishan City, Jilin Province (Fig. 1), at coordinates 127°32′46″ E and
42°19′14″ N. The source area is situated at a linear distance of approximately
55 km from Tianchi (Heavenly Lake) on Changbai Mountain and a transport distance of about 2 km
from the Hun-Bai Railway. Regional accessibility is facilitated by the Heda
Expressway (G11) and National Highway (G201), which pass approximately 12 km to
the north. Quanyang Town encompasses an
administrative area of approximately 589.84 km². According to 2023 statistical
data, the town governs 10 administrative villages and 6 communities, totaling
14,470 households and a population of 26,372, of which 23,332 are urban
residents. Fusong County, where the town is located,
features an extensive hydrological network and serves as a critical zone for
water conservation and mineral water resource concentration in the Changbai Mountains. Characterized by high forest coverage
and a pristine ecological background, the town’s primary surface water systems
include the Lazi and Quanyang Rivers, both belonging
to the Erdao Songjiang River system. The Quanyang River is augmented by numerous spring inflows
along its reach, fostering a specialized industrial infrastructure centered on
the exploitation and utilization of natural mineral water.
Figure 1 Map of the Study Area
(Based on standard map No. GS (2019)1822)
3.2 Climate Conditions
The study area is situated within a north temperate continental
monsoon climate zone [2]. According to meteorological records from
the Donggang Station (2000–2024)[1],
the mean annual temperature is approximately 3.3°C, characterized by pronounced
seasonal fluctuations with thermal maxima in July–August and minima in January.
The mean annual precipitation is approximately 808.9 mm, with historical
maximums reaching 1,071.3 mm; precipitation is predominantly concentrated
between June and August. The mean annual potential evaporation is 1,291.7 mm,
with an average annual sunshine duration of 2,315.77 h and a mean wind speed of
2.17 m/s. As illustrated in Figure 2, the temperature follows a stable,
unimodal annual cycle. Precipitation is concentrated in the summer months,
during which evaporation similarly intensifies, reflecting typical mountainous
monsoon climate characteristics. This climatic configuration exerts a profound
influence on the formation, recharge, and production of Quanyangquan
mineral water. First, the temporal synchronization of peak precipitation and
temperature—coupled with the fact that summer precipitation significantly
exceeds evaporation—facilitates canopy interception by forest vegetation, soil
moisture regulation, and subsequent infiltration through basaltic pores and
fractures, thereby ensuring effective recharge to the groundwater system.
Second, although sub-zero winter temperatures and snow accumulation temporarily
suppress direct infiltration, the cryospheric process
extends the recharge period through spring snowmelt release, enhancing the
annual storage-discharge capacity. This climatic rhythm—characterized by
concentrated summer recharge and winter cryospheric
regulation—acts as a buffer against short-term meteorological volatility,
maintaining the stability of spring discharge and hydrochemical
composition while providing a favorable backdrop for sustained mineral water
production.
Figure 2. Statistical Map of Long-Term Average Precipitation,
Temperature, and Evaporation in the Study Area, 2000–2024
3.3 Geological
Structure
The study area is situated within the volcanic
province of the Changbai Mountains, where regional tectonic frameworks
are constrained by multi-directional fault systems (primarily E–W and N–E).
Intense Cenozoic volcanic activity has resulted in the widespread deposition of
basaltic strata. The predominant outcrops belong to the Junjianshan
Formation (Lower Pleistocene, Quaternary), which consists mainly of massive and
vesicular basalts. The well-developed primary vesicles and contraction joints
within these units provide significant storage and migration space for
groundwater; concurrently, the regional fault networks serve as preferential
pathways for deep groundwater circulation and mineral water discharge. The regional topography descends northwestward in a stepped
physiographic configuration from the Changbai
Mountain volcanic massif. This combination of basaltic plateaus and topographic
gradients generates favorable hydrodynamic conditions, driving groundwater flow
through pores, fractures, and fault zones. Consequently, groundwater emerges as
prolific spring clusters at topographic depressions or lithological barriers.
Mineralogically, the basalts are dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene. These
rocks are characterized by high concentrations of SiO₂,
Al₂O₃, and TFe [3],
and are enriched in components such as CaO, MgO, Na₂O,
and K₂O. The incongruent weathering of these rock-forming minerals provides a
steady supply of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and HCO₃⁻ ions to the soil-groundwater
system.
Mineral spring recharge in Fusong County is predominantly governed by atmospheric
precipitation [3], with a significant portion of the groundwater
undergoing prolonged deep circulation that intensifies water-rock interactions.
During migration, the groundwater continuously leaches silicate minerals from
the basaltic host rock; this process, facilitated by CO₂ involvement and
carbonate dissolution, progressively leads to the formation of metasilicic acid mineral water characterized by low
mineralization and a dominant HCO3—Ca·Mg
(calcium-magnesium bicarbonate) facies [6]. As a principal mineral
water source in Fusong County, Quanyangquan
is distinguished by its stable recharge conditions, consistent hydrochemical composition, and substantial resource scale,
rendering it highly representative of the regional mineral water resources.
3.4 Topography and Landforms
The study
area is situated in the volcanic lava plateau of the Changbai
Mountains [3]. The regional topography generally descends from east
to west, with geomorphic types dominated by basaltic plateaus, mid-mountain
slopes, and river valleys. Within the area, the plateau surfaces are relatively
even, interspersed with localized volcanic cones. River valleys exhibit
trough-shaped development, while the plateau margins are characterized by
pronounced fluvial incision. Consequently, the region displays a clear
physiographic transition from high plateaus to slopes and valleys. Based on 12.5-m resolution ALOS PALSAR DEM data[2], the elevation and slope of the case area were classified and
analyzed (Figure 3). The results indicate that elevations are primarily
concentrated between 700 and 1,000 m, accounting for 87.03% of the total area.
Slope classification reveals that the topography is predominantly gentle and
flat; areas with a slope of less than 7° constitute 80.70% of the area, with
the 3°–7° slope category being the most significant (35.82%). The Quanyangquan spring emerges at an elevation of
approximately 750 m, situated within the mid-to-low elevation zone and
relatively gentle terrain. This topographic setting provides favorable
conditions for capturing upgradient recharge and converging groundwater runoff,
thereby ensuring stable spring discharge.
Figure 3. Topographic map of the study area: a.
Elevation classification map; b. Slope classification map
Regarding the hydrogeological conditions for mineral water
formation, the study area is primarily characterized by lava plateaus and
gentle slope topographies in low-to-mid mountain regions. This physiographic
framework facilitates the gradual infiltration of atmospheric
precipitation—regulated by the buffering capacity of dense forest cover and
topsoil—thereby enhancing groundwater recharge. Furthermore, the topographic
gradient provides the necessary gravitational driving force for groundwater
migration through basaltic pores, fissures, and fault zones, directing it
toward concentrated discharge at mid-to-low elevations.This
topographic sequence—comprising upgradient recharge, migration along gentle
slopes and fractures, and stable discharge in lower elevation zones—establishes
a fundamental basis for the sustained recharge, stable yield, and extensive
water-rock interactions of the Quanyangquan mineral
water system.
3.5 Vegetation cover
The case area is characterized by well-developed vegetation,
predominantly consisting of forest land. It is adjacent to the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve on its eastern boundary
and features a diverse array of forest types. Natural secondary young- and
middle-aged stands account for a substantial proportion, with
coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests serving as the primary natural forest type,
while coniferous forests are the dominant plantation type. Based on
NDVI-derived results (Figure 4), the sparse distribution of low-value zones
indicates that vegetation cover in the study area exhibits high continuity and
stability, with bare soil and anthropogenic disturbances representing only a
minimal fraction. High forest coverage and continuous vegetation layers
facilitate precipitation interception, attenuate surface runoff, and enhance
pedological water retention [7]. These processes collectively
promote the gradual infiltration of precipitation and bolster water
conservation capacity, thereby providing a robust ecological barrier and a
favorable recharge environment for mineral water formation.
Figure 4. Vegetation Index
Classification Map
3.6 Soil conditions
The soil
type in the study area is primarily Albic soil, characterized by a clay loam or
clay texture and a compact structure. The research team selected three
representative sites for soil investigation: forested land adjacent to the
water source, forested land within Quanyang Town, and
local farmland. At each site, three replicates were collected and stratified
into surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) layers. These samples were
physically homogenized in equal proportions by layer (Figure 1) and submitted
to the Jilin Provincial Institute of Geological Sciences for analysis. The
analytical results indicate that the soil is generally weakly acidic, with pH
values ranging from 5.09 to 5.65 (Table 2). The soil organic matter (SOM)
content in the forested topsoil is significantly elevated, reaching a maximum
of 93.523 g/kg, while the minimum value in the subsurface layer is 20.5 g/kg.
In the farmland, SOM concentrations for the two respective layers are 38.13 and
46.74 g/kg. This high-SOM, weakly acidic pedological environment effectively
elevates soil CO2 and promotes the release of low-molecular-weight
organic acids. These conditions enhance the chemical weathering of plagioclase
and pyroxene within the basaltic bedrock, facilitating the mobilization of Ca,
Mg, Na, HCO₃⁻, and H2SiO3 into the groundwater system.
This biogeochemical process constitutes the critical habitat foundation that
defines Quanyangquan mineral water as a
low-mineralization, calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type.Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals,
including Zn, Cu, and Pb, remain strictly below the limits set by the national
standard Soil Environmental Quality: Risk Control Standard for Soil
Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15168—2018) [7], confirming
that the soil is pristine and uncontaminated.
Table 2. Statistical
Summary of Key Parameters in Soil Samples from the Study Area
|
Parameter |
Unit |
Forest
Soil S1 (20
cm) |
Forest
Soil S1 (40
cm) |
Forest
Soil S2 (20
cm) |
Forest
Soil S2 (40
cm) |
Farmland
Soil S3 (20
cm) |
Farmland
Soil S3 (40
cm) |
GB
15168—2018 (Limit) |
|
pH |
/ |
5.53 |
5.09 |
5.65 |
5.52 |
5.59 |
5.60 |
* |
|
TN |
g/kg |
3.32 |
2.71 |
5.34 |
1.52 |
2.51 |
2.96 |
* |
|
AP |
mg/kg |
22.0 |
12.6 |
24.4 |
13.5 |
32.9 |
24.6 |
* |
|
AK |
mg/kg |
129 |
70.0 |
155 |
56.2 |
167 |
181 |
* |
|
SOM |
g/kg |
54.1 |
41.8 |
93.5 |
20.5 |
38.1 |
46.7 |
* |
|
Si |
% |
29.10 |
29.61 |
29.33 |
32.02 |
30.72 |
30.01 |
|
|
Cd |
mg/kg |
0.159 |
0.127 |
0.229 |
0.092 |
0.192 |
0.200 |
0.3 |
|
Hg |
mg/kg |
0.061 |
0.052 |
0.086 |
0.040 |
0.052 |
0.057 |
1.8 |
|
As |
mg/kg |
9.04 |
9.32 |
9.94 |
11.1 |
12.4 |
13.0 |
30 |
|
Pb |
mg/kg |
27.8 |
27.1 |
27.8 |
28.5 |
29.7 |
33.0 |
90 |
|
Cr |
mg/kg |
75.6 |
73.1 |
78.6 |
74.3 |
81.3 |
85.3 |
200 |
|
Ni |
mg/kg |
32.5 |
33.3 |
23.5 |
28.7 |
28.9 |
29.2 |
100 |
|
Cu |
mg/kg |
26.8 |
26.8 |
20.5 |
22.0 |
24.0 |
24.0 |
50 |
|
Zn |
mg/kg |
112 |
111 |
95.4 |
92.8 |
102 |
114 |
200 |
Note: *: No limit specified.
3.7 Characteristics of the surrounding aquatic
environment
In May 2025, water samples were collected
from the Quanyang River, Erdao
Songjiang River, Quanyang Lake, a stream adjacent to
the Quanyangquan source area, and local tap water
(Figure 1). These samples were submitted to the Jilin Provincial Institute of
Geological Sciences for laboratory analysis, the results of which are
summarized in Table 3. The pH
values across all sampling sites ranged from 6.77 to 7.16, exhibiting neutral
to weakly alkaline characteristics. TDS concentrations were measured between 60
and 145 mg/L, reflecting a low degree of mineralization. HCO₃⁻ was the
predominant anion, with concentrations ranging from 29.3 to 65.2 mg/L; levels
were relatively higher in the Erdao Songjiang River
while remaining consistent across other sites. Cl⁻ concentrations were notably
low (0.72–3.84 mg/L), and fluoride levels ranged from 0.10 to 0.12 mg/L,
indicating a low regional salinity background and negligible anthropogenic
pollution inputs. H2SiO3 concentrations ranged from 18.3
to 26.4 mg/L, with the source-area stream and tap water reaching 25.3 mg/L and
26.4 mg/L, respectively.
The concentrations of trace elements such as
Mn, Fe, As, Se, and Sr in water samples from the study area were all
significantly below the limits set for corresponding surface water [8]
or drinking water standards [9], while heavy metals such as Cd, Pb,
and Cr were all below the detection limit. Given that agriculture in Quanyang Town is primarily rain-fed and self-sufficient,
and that there are no heavy industries or large-scale high-risk discharging
enterprises in the region, it is evident that the background water quality in
the vicinity of the study area is excellent.
Table 3 Table of Key Water
Quality Parameters Around Quanyang Spring
|
Key
Parameters |
Unit |
Tap
Water (W1) |
Erdao Songjiang
River (W2) |
Quanyang Lake (W3) |
Quanyang River (W4) |
Source
Stream (W5) |
GB
3838—2002 |
GB
5749—2022 |
|
pH |
- |
7.13000 |
6.77000 |
6.91000 |
7.09000 |
7.16000 |
6-9 |
6.5-8.5 |
|
TDS |
mg/L |
60 |
145 |
62 |
60 |
63 |
* |
≤1000 |
|
Cl- |
mg/L |
1.07000 |
3.84000 |
0.99000 |
0.82000 |
0.72000 |
≤250 |
≤250 |
|
HCO3- |
mg/L |
32.60000 |
65.20000 |
32.60000 |
32.60000 |
29.30000 |
* |
* |
|
H2SiO3 |
mg/L |
26.40000 |
19.60000 |
18.30000 |
25.50000 |
25.30000 |
* |
* |
|
Sr |
mg/L |
0.03880 |
0.09970 |
0.03720 |
0.03840 |
0.03560 |
* |
* |
|
Se |
mg/L |
0.00200 |
0.00300 |
0.00100 |
0.00090 |
0.00200 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.01 |
|
Mn |
mg/L |
0.00098 |
0.00108 |
0.00986 |
0.00086 |
0.00115 |
≤0.1 |
≤0.1 |
|
Fe |
mg/L |
0.03040 |
0.02170 |
0.14300 |
0.00170 |
0.05810 |
≤0.3 |
≤0.3 |
|
F- |
mg/L |
0.12000 |
0.11000 |
0.10000 |
0.11000 |
0.12000 |
≤1.0 |
≤1.0 |
|
Cd |
mg/L |
<0.00006 |
<0.00006 |
<0.00006 |
<0.00006 |
<0.00006 |
≤0.001 |
≤0.005 |
|
Pb |
mg/L |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.01 |
|
Hg |
mg/L |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
<0.00007 |
≤0.00005 |
≤0.001 |
|
As |
mg/L |
0.0003 |
0.0009 |
0.001 |
0.0004 |
0.0003 |
≤0.05 |
≤0.01 |
|
Cr |
mg/L |
<0.00009 |
<0.00009 |
<0.00009 |
<0.00009 |
<0.00009 |
≤0.01 |
≤0.05 |
Note: *: No limit specified.
4 Mineral Water Quality Test
Data
4.1 Mineral Water Quality Data
Historical data [9, 10] indicate that the pH of the raw
water from Quanyangquan typically ranges from 7.25 to
7.66, exhibiting weakly alkaline characteristics. The TDS concentrations are
approximately 54–88 mg/L, classifying it as a low-mineralization mineral water.
The ionic composition is dominated by HCO₃⁻ as the predominant anion and Ca²⁺
and Mg²⁺ as the primary cations. The overall hydrochemical
profile is highly stable, with the hydrochemical
facies identified as the HCO₃⁻–Ca·Mg type. Based on
molar fraction calculations, HCO₃⁻ accounts for approximately 74% of the total
anions, while Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ collectively constitute about 66% of the total
cations.
The raw water samples collected from Quanyangquan
were analyzed by the Baishan Product Quality Inspection Institute and the
National Drinking Water Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center. The
results (Table 4) indicate that the H2SiO3 concentration is 28.1 mg/L, which satisfies the threshold
requirements stipulated in the National Standard for Drinking Natural Mineral
Water (GB 8537—2018) [11], identifying it as a pivotal diagnostic
component of Quanyangquan mineral water.
Concurrently, the Na⁺
concentration in the raw water is 4.28 mg/L, while Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻
levels are notably low at 0.80 mg/L and 3.70 mg/L, respectively, reflecting a
remarkably low saline background. Furthermore, F⁻ (0.22 mg/L) and NO₃⁻ (4.96 mg/L)
concentrations remain at minimal levels.
With regard to heavy metals and pollutants, levels of As, Hg, Cd,
Pb, Cr, Sb, Ni, Ba, bromides, borates, volatile phenols, cyanides, nitrites,
and other parameters were all well below the applicable limits, meeting the
standard requirements.
Table 4 Test Results for Key Parameters of Quanyangquan Mineral Water
|
Parameter |
Unit |
Analytical Result |
GB 8537—2018 |
|
pH |
* |
7.48000 |
* |
|
Na+ |
mg/L |
4.28000 |
* |
|
K+ |
mg/L |
1.55000 |
* |
|
Ca2+ |
mg/L |
5.06000 |
* |
|
Mg2+ |
mg/L |
2.28000 |
* |
|
Fe2++Fe3+ |
mg/L |
0.04000 |
* |
|
HCO3- |
mg/L |
33.00000 |
* |
|
CO32- |
mg/L |
<3 |
* |
|
Cl- |
mg/L |
0.80000 |
* |
|
SO42- |
mg/L |
3.70000 |
* |
|
NO3- |
mg/L |
4.96000 |
* |
|
H₂SiO₃ |
mg/L |
28.10000 |
>=25.0 |
|
Co |
mg/L |
<0.00003 |
* |
|
V |
mg/L |
0.00200 |
* |
|
Al |
mg/L |
0.08000 |
* |
|
F- |
mg/L |
0.22000 |
<=1.5 |
|
Se |
mg/L |
0.00100 |
0.05 |
|
Br⁻ |
mg/L |
<0.005 |
0.01 |
|
BO2- |
mg/L |
0.03000 |
5 |
|
Sb |
mg/L |
<0.00007 |
0.005 |
|
Mn |
mg/L |
0.00040 |
0.4 |
|
Ni |
mg/L |
<0.00007 |
0.02 |
|
Ba |
mg/L |
0.00200 |
0.7 |
|
Cr |
mg/L |
0.00020 |
0.05 |
|
Cu |
mg/L |
<0.00009 |
1 |
|
Ag |
mg/L |
<0.00003 |
0.05 |
|
Volatile phenols |
mg/L |
<0.0020 |
0.002 |
|
CN- |
mg/L |
<0.0020 |
0.01 |
|
As |
mg/L |
0.00020 |
0.01 |
|
Hg |
mg/L |
<0.0001 |
0.001 |
|
Cd |
mg/L |
<0.00006 |
0.003 |
|
Pb |
mg/L |
<0.00007 |
0.01 |
|
NO2- |
mg/L |
<0.0033 |
0.1 |
|
BrO3- |
mg/L |
<0.005 |
* |
Note: *: No limit specified.
4.2
Product Feature Comparison
Based on comparisons with internationally
renowned mineral waters, the mineral water produced in Quanyang
Town is of exceptional quality. See Table 5 for a detailed comparison [11-15].
Table 5 Comparison of the Water Quality of Quanyang
Spring with That of World-Renowned Mineral Springs
|
Brand Name |
Origin |
K+ |
Na+ |
Mg2+ |
Ca2+ |
HCO3- |
SO42- |
H2SiO3 |
|
|
mg/L |
|||||||
|
Quanyangquan |
Fusong, China |
1.55 |
3.31 |
3.13 |
7.13 |
33.41 |
3.13 |
26.79 |
|
Volvic |
Auvergne, France |
6.2 |
11.6 |
8 |
11.5 |
371 |
8.1 |
41.2 |
|
Evian |
French Alps |
1.1 |
7 |
27.6 |
82 |
375 |
12 |
18 |
|
Vittel |
France |
4.9 |
7.5 |
20.6 |
95.9 |
267 |
122 |
10.9 |
|
Perrier |
Southern France |
0.4 |
10.6 |
3.6 |
159 |
430 |
32 |
13.1 |
|
Gerol |
Eifel Volcanic, Germany |
2.8 |
11.1 |
49.5 |
137 |
427 |
45 |
17.1 |
Basaltic fissure and pore-water systems are ubiquitous throughout
the Fusong region of the Changbai
Mountains, with the aquifers in Quanyang Town
exhibiting particularly high water-yielding capacity [16,17]. The hydrochemical signature of Quanyangquan
mineral water is most closely aligned with the world-renowned Volvic brand from the French Alps; however, its metasilicic acid content is significantly superior to other
prominent mineral waters [12]. The overall mineralization remains at
a low level, characterized specifically by an exceptionally low sulfate
concentration, which attenuates the bitterness often associated with high
sulfate levels.High-quality
mineral water must satisfy both physiological health requirements [18]
and organoleptic palatability. In this study, the palatability of Quanyangquan was quantitatively assessed using the O Index
proposed by Hashimoto [19, 20]. The results yielded an O Index of
5.8, substantially exceeding the threshold for "delicious water" (O
Index≥2.0). Furthermore, the 17O-NMR full width at half maximum (FWHM), which
serves as a proxy for the water cluster structure, was measured at 78 Hz. This
value is comparable to the cluster structure of Evian mineral water and falls
well within the established range for natural premium drinking water (70–90
Hz). Consequently, the drinking taste of Quanyangquan
is classified as "excellent."
5 History, Culture, and Industrial Development
5.1 Socio-economic Development
In 2023, Fusong
County achieved a Gross Regional Product (GRP) of 11.519 billion yuan,
representing a year-on-year increase of 5.5% at constant prices. The added
value of the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors amounted to 2.616
billion, 1.755 billion, and 7.148 billion yuan, respectively. The resulting
sectoral composition was 22.7:15.2:62.1, signifying an economic landscape
dominated by the tertiary sector and the synergistic advancement of ecological
resource exploitation and the service industry. According to local statistical
data [21], the town’s total households reached 14,470 in 2023, with
a total population of 26,372, of which 23,332 were urban residents, reflecting
a high urbanization rate within the township.
Capitalizing on its superior forest
ecological backdrop and resource endowments within the hinterland of the Changbai Mountains, Quanyang Town
has prioritized a strategic developmental orientation centered on forest-based
foods, mineral water exploitation, and ecological services. The Jilin
Provincial Development and Reform Commission has officially designated the
"Quanyang Forest Food Town" as a
provincial-level characteristic industrial township. Consequently, Quanyang Town possesses a robust industrial foundation and
strategic policy alignment for the sustainable exploitation of regional
specialty resources and the nurturing of green industrial sectors.
5.2 History and Culture of the
Water Source Area
The Fusong mineral water in Quanyang Town is located in the heart of the volcanic lava
plateau of the Changbai Mountains. The origin of its
name stems from long-term observations of the natural habitat; the Quanyang River (historically known as the Quanyan River) is formed by the convergence of eight major
mineral spring clusters. Because the spring’s discharge and water temperature
remain constant throughout the year, the river does not freeze even in the
depths of winter, creating a unique landscape characterized by "white
mountains and black waters." When the Quanyang
Forestry Bureau was established in 1959, it was officially named "Quanyang" because its headquarters were situated north
of the Quanyan River, following the traditional
Chinese naming principle that the north side of a river is designated as
"Yang." A vivid local proverb states: "In the depths of winter,
the mountains are blanketed in white, while the spring river flows black."
This saying captures the unique characteristics of the water source: in the
frozen winter, the river remains unfrozen and appears inky black, resembling a
black ribbon winding through the snow-covered forest. This is not only a
natural wonder of the Changbai Mountains but also
reflects the earliest observations by local residents regarding the water's
high stability and exceptional quality. Furthermore, the water source area
overlaps significantly with the Changbai Mountain
ginseng production zone, providing a pristine, pollution-free environment for
the growth of ginseng and other rare medicinal herbs.
5.3 Development and Utilization of
Mineral Water Resources
The latest measurements from 2024 indicate that the annual runoff
of Fusong mineral water in Quanyang Town is 1.93×10⁶ tons (calculated on a 365-day basis). Currently,
Jilin Forest Industry Group Quanyangquan Beverage
Co., Ltd. has largely achieved year-round production. Its mining permit
authorizes an annual extraction capacity of 8×10⁵ tons, the largest approved
volume for any mineral water enterprise in the Changbai
Mountain region.The actual
annual extraction is approximately 7×10⁵ tons, with total production water
usage reaching7.89×10⁵ tons during the most recent operational year (June 2023
to May 2024). Consequently, the permitted extraction volume accounts for only
41.42% of the total annual runoff, suggesting significant potential for scaling
up both extraction and production.Within
the broader mineral water development framework of Fusong
County, the Quanyang Town source area maintains a
clear competitive advantage in production capacity. Its permitted extraction
volume is 12 times that of the Xiagu Spring and 6
times that of the Xianren Spring, representing 78.4%
of the company's total capacity within Fusong County.
This substantial resource base provides robust support for supply stability,
capacity growth, and market expansion, further validating the site as a
representative core sample area.
5.4 Quanyangquan
Mineral Water: Green and Sustainable Development
In accordance with the Quanyang Town
Territorial Space and Urban Planning, construction land is primarily
concentrated within existing urban cores and transportation corridors.
Conversely, the areas surrounding the mineral water sources maintain a high
proportion of forested land and ecological connectivity, creating a spatial
layout where development and construction are effectively segregated from water
source protection zones.Concurrently,
the town’s industrial structure is dominated by low-pollution sectors, such as
forestry, services, and mineral water exploitation, while agriculture is
predominantly rain-fed. This leads to a low overall intensity of anthropogenic
disturbance. This spatial pattern—characterized by the predominance of
ecological space and concentrated human activity—provides favorable
environmental conditions for maintaining stable groundwater recharge and
ensuring long-term water quality safety.
The Quanyang Town Wastewater
Treatment Plant has been operating stably, with effluent meeting Class 1A
standards and sludge being safely disposed of (water treated in 2023: 2.384 ×
10⁶ m³; effluent COD: 10.3 mg/L; NH₃-N: 0.95 mg/L). All sludge has been safely
disposed of (80.89 tons disposed of in 2023, with a disposal rate of 100%),
thereby avoiding the leaching risks that could result from piling it along the
riverbank.
5.5 Development
of the Quanyangquan Mineral Water Industry and Brand Building
Leveraging the advantages of Changbai
Mountain’s high-quality mineral water resources, Fusong
County has in recent years consistently prioritized the mineral water industry
as a key development direction for its green food sector and distinctive
resource-based economy. By strengthening resource exploration and evaluation,
water source protection, project attraction and cultivation, and the
development of industrial parks, the county has gradually established an
industrial development model driven by leading enterprises and supported by
coordinated efforts across the entire supply chain. As of October 2021, the
county’s mineral water beverage output, output value, and tax revenue reached
947,000 metric tons, 830 million yuan, and 150 million yuan, respectively. In
2023, the county’s mineral water beverage enterprises achieved an output of
1.42 million metric tons, an output value of 1.5 billion yuan, and profits and
taxes totaling 267 million yuan [21]. As a leading enterprise in
Jilin Province, Quanyangquan has been successively
awarded the titles of “China Famous Brand” and “China Well-Known Trademark,”
and was recognized as the first “Changbai Mountain
Ecological Food” brand. By continuously enhancing its influence through market
expansion, channel development, and brand promotion, it has evolved from a
regional drinking water brand into a high-quality natural mineral water brand
rooted in Northeast China and reaching across the nation.
5.6 Tracing the Origin of Quanyangquan Mineral Water
To enable near-real-time monitoring of the mineral spring habitat,
the Fushong Quanyang Spring
Mineral Water Landmark Habitat Smart IoT Information System was established in
May 2025 at the the water source of Fusong Mineral Water in Quanyang
Town. (Figure 5). This system is a low-power IoT sensing system that
dynamically monitors and records regional meteorological parameters—such as air
temperature, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and
atmospheric pressure—as well as habitat parameters—including soil temperature,
soil moisture content, and soil electrical conductivity—and transmits the data
in real time.
Figure 5:
Near-real-time habitat monitoring system at the Quanyang
Spring water source
6 Conclusions and Discussion
The Fusong mineral water in Quanyang Town
forms within the basaltic plateau of the Changbai
Mountains, governed by the synergistic control of multiple environmental
factors. Precipitation, topography, geological structures, and vegetation cover
collectively ensure deep groundwater circulation and stable spring discharge,
while the organic-rich soil environment facilitates ion release and the
enrichment of characteristic components. The water exhibits an HCO₃-Ca·Mg hydrochemical facies,
characterized by weak alkalinity, low mineralization, low sodium, and high metasilicic acid content, maintaining superior and stable
quality. Water source protection, spatial management, and standardized
production are the essential pillars for its sustainable development.
While this study has clarified the synergistic roles of
precipitation, vegetation, soil, and rock in mineral water formation, the
context of global climate change and frequent extreme weather events
necessitates the establishment of a long-term dynamic monitoring network. This
will provide a more rigorous scientific basis for refined water resource
assessments. The water source area of Fusong Mineral
Water in Quanyang Town maintains an absolute
advantage in production capacity, with permitted extraction volumes far
exceeding those of neighboring sources. As the enterprise scales up production
in the future, it should continue to monitor human activities within and around
the case area, adhere to green production practices, and advance ecological
conservation in tandem with corporate growth. The value generated should be
continuously reinvested into ecological protection, low-carbon technology
upgrades, and public science education. By deepening the exploration of the
water source’s historical-cultural heritage and promoting healthy drinking
water concepts, the natural environmental endowments can be transformed into
high-value-added green brand assets, establishing Quanyangquan
as a model case for ecological products.
Author Contributions：
Bian, J. M., Wang, F., Li, Y .N., Li, Y. H.,
Sun, X. Q., and Chen, S. B. designed the dataset and drafted the paper; Bian, J.
M., Wang, F., and Li, Y .N. collected soil and water samples and conducted the
tests; Wang, D., Wang, G., Gao, J. T., Du, Y. C., Zhang, J. M., Pan, X. H., Liu,
X. Y., Huang, X. Y., Liu, L. K., and Gao, H. provided and processed critical
monitoring data related to the survey, development, and production of the Quanyang Spring, as well as socioeconomic and demographic
data for Quanyang Town; Ding, Z. Y. provided feedback
on the water quality and health sections of the data paper.
Acknowledgments：
We would like to express our gratitude to the
leaders at all levels of Fusong County for their
support and cooperation, as well as to the staff who assisted in the collection
of water and soil samples and the gathering of related data. We also extend our
thanks to Professor Liu, C., Song, X. F., Associate Professor Shi, R. X., and
Senior Engineer Jiang, Z. C. of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and
Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for their guidance
during the project approval process and in the review and revision of the
dataset and article!
Statement of Conflict of Interest：
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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