GIES Case
Study on the Facility Agriculture in Mountain Valleys for Wangqing Black Fungus in Jiguan
Township
YE Yinghui¹*, ZHAO Yong², LI Enhua², GAO
Mingxu², WANG Jisheng³, SONG Yubin⁵, GAO Bin⁴, WANG Yichun³, XIA Wenqiang⁶, WEI Yuncheng⁷, HAN Yan⁸, YAO Fangjie⁹, WANG
Bin¹⁰, LIN Yan¹¹, LENG Liang¹, LU Peng¹, CHEN Shengbo¹, WU Di¹²
1.College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin
University, Changchun 130062, China
2.People’s Government of Wangqing
County, Wangqing 133200, China
3.Market Supervision Administration of Wangqing
County, Wangqing 133200, China
4.Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Wangqing
County, Wangqing 133200, China
5.People’s Government of Jiguan
Township, Wangqing County, Jiguan
Township 133200, China
6.Yanxing Edible Fungi Professional Cooperative of Wangqing County, Wangqing 133200,
China
7.Jixing Edible Fungi Planting Professional Cooperative of Wangqing County, Wangqing 133200,
China
8.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100010, China
9.Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130021, China
10.Wangqing Bei'er Technology Co., Ltd.,
Wangqing 133200, China
11.Jilin Jiguan Edible Fungi Technology
Development Co., Ltd., Wangqing 133200, China
12.Jilin High-Resolution Remote Sensing Application Research
Institute, Changchun 130118, China
Abstract
Black fungus is a well-known edible and medicinal
fungus in China and ranks among the world’s four major edible fungi. The
geographical indication habitat case of facility agriculture for Wangqing black fungus in the mountain valleys of Jiguan Township is located in Jiguan
Township, central Wangqing County, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province,
within the main mountainous area of the Changbai
Mountains. It is 35 kilometers away from the county seat. The terrain of the
study area tilts from the northeast to the southwest, with rugged mountainous
land in the northeast and staggered hills and valleys in the southwest. The
average altitude ranges from 600 m to 800 m. Featuring a large diurnal
temperature difference and abundant negative oxygen ions, the regional
environment is highly conducive to the growth of black fungus. The case area
boasts a superior ecological environment with no severe pollution, favorable
climate and sound soil conditions. Its unique physical geographical
characteristics cultivate high-quality black fungus in Jiguan
Township. The supporting dataset of this study covers ecological environment
data (geographical location, altitude, meteorology, hydrology, soil, etc.),
black fungus product characteristic data, socio-economic and management data,
as well as historical, cultural and development data of the case area. The data
formats include .shp, .tif,
.xlsx, .docx, .png and .jpg, with a total data volume
of 80.2 MB. It can provide basic data support for the research on low-mountain
forest ecological protection and the sustainable development of characteristic
agricultural products.
Keywords：Jiguan Township of Wangqing
County; black fungus; Changbai Mountains;
geographical indication habitat; facility agriculture; case study 32
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2026.03.04
CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2026.03.04
1 Preface
1.1 Overview of the case area
The case area is Jiguan Township, which belongs to Wangqing County, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province. It is located in the middle of the county. The geographical coordinates are between 129 ° 30'E-130 ° 10'E and 40 ° 0'N-40 ° 1'N. It is bordered by Luozigou Town in the east, Wangqing Town and Dongguang Town in the south, Daxinggou Town in the west, and Tianqiaoling Town in the north. The administrative area is 818.24 km2 ( Fig.1 ).
Fig.1 Geographical location map of Jiguan Township, Wangqing County
The township is located in the Changbai Mountain area, the Jiguan River Basin, a tributary of the Gaya River. The terrain is high in the northeast and low in the southwest. The northeast is mountainous and the terrain is rugged. The southwest is gentle and the valleys are staggered. The average elevation is 0.8 km. The main mountains in the territory are Qichangling, Tudingzi and Dapingtou. The highest peak is Qichangling, with an altitude of 1.1 km. The lowest point is located in Dabeigou Village in the west, with an altitude of 280 m ( Fig.2 ). Auricularia auricula is most suitable to grow in the middle and low mountain gentle slope area with an altitude of 250-850 m, and the slope is best within 15 °. The climate is temperate continental monsoon climate. The spring wind is strong, the summer is short and rainy, the autumn is cool and sunny, and the winter is long and cold. According to the statistics of Wangqing County Meteorological Bureau[1], the annual average temperature is 4.8 °C, the average temperature in January is − 16.8 °C, and the extreme minimum temperature is − 31 °C. The average temperature in July was 23.6 °C, and the extreme maximum temperature was 35 °C. The regional water resources are abundant and the water quality is excellent. The indicators of river water quality are in line with national standards, and the forest coverage is high ( Fig.3 ). Auricularia auricula mostly relies on the development of understory open land such as oak birch forest, returning farmland to forest land, and abandoned non-cultivated land on gentle slopes. The typical mountainous agricultural climate characteristics provide suitable natural conditions for the growth of Auricularia auricula.
Fig.2 Grading map of altitude and slope in Jiguan Township, Wangqing County
Fig.3 Land use classification and NDVI distribution map of Jiguan Township, Wangqing County
1.2 Research background
As a traditional dominant edible and medicinal fungus in China, Auricularia auricula plays an important role in ensuring food safety, promoting agricultural efficiency and increasing farmers ' income [1-4]. Jiguan Township of Wangqing County has developed the black fungus industry for more than 40 years by virtue of its unique mountain forest ecological environment, and has gradually formed an industrial pattern of large-scale planting and standardized management, which has become a pillar industry for regional rural revitalization [5-6].
In this study, the ecological environment data, product quality data and social and economic data of the black fungus planting area in Jiguan Township were systematically collected, and the case data set of mountain forest habitat protection and sustainable development was constructed. It can not only provide a scientific basis for the optimization of high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques and ecological environment protection of black fungus, but also provide a reference model for the sustainable development of similar geographical indications agricultural products industry. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote the coordinated development of mountain ecological economy and help the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.
1.3 Research content and data composition
This study focuses on three aspects : one is to systematically investigate the ecological and geographical environment characteristics of the black fungus planting area in Jiguan Township, including key factors such as meteorology, soil and hydrology ; the second is to analyze the quality of black fungus products and the quality characteristics of related production factors ( bags ) ; the third is to sort out the socio-economic effects and management models of the black fungus industry in the region. The supporting data set contains five data folders, which are the scope data of the study area, the natural geography data set, the variety characteristic data set, the management data set, the product culture history traditional data set and the case area related photos, which comprehensively cover the natural, economic, social and other multi-dimensional information of the development of the black fungus industry.
2 Data set metadata introduction
The core metadata information of ' Wangqing Heimuer Jiguan Township Mountain Valley Facilities Agricultural Landmark Habitat Case Data Set ' [ 7 ] is shown in Table 1.The data set covers the basic information of the study area, data collection and processing, sharing services and other key content, providing a comprehensive information reference for data users.
Table 1 ' Wangqing Heimuer Jiguan Township Mountain Valley Facilities Agricultural Landmark Habitat Case Data Set ' Metadata Summary Table
|
Entries |
Description |
|
Data set name |
Wangqing Heimuer Jiguan Township Mountain Valley Facilities Agriculture
Landmark Habitat Case Data Set |
|
Data set short name |
WangqingBlackFungusCase32 |
|
author information |
YeYingHui,
School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University,
Changchun 130062, yyh13 @ jlu.edu.cn Zhao
Yong, Wang Qing County People 's Government, Wang Qing 133200,
wqsjjzhk@163.com Li
Enhua, Wangqing County People 's Government, Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk @
163.com Gao
Mingxu, Wangqing County People 's Government, Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk@163.com Wang
Jisheng, Wangqing County Market Supervision and
Administration Bureau, Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk @ 163.com Song
Yubin, Wangqing County Jiguan
Township People 's Government, Wangqing Jiguan Township 133200, wqsjjzhk
@ 163.com Gao
Bin, Wangqing County Bureau of Agriculture and
Rural Affairs, Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk
@ 163.com Wang
Yichun, Wangqing County Market Supervision and
Administration Bureau, Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk @ 163.com Wang
Bin, Jilin Wangqing Beier Technology Co., Ltd., Wangqing 133200, wqsjjzhk @
163.com Lin
Yan, Jilin Jiguan Edible Fungi Technology
Development Co., Ltd., Wang Qing, 133200, wqsjjzhk
@ 163.com Xia
Wenqiang, Yanxing Fungi Professional Cooperative, Wangqing County, Jilin Province, Wangqing
133200, wqsjjzhk @ 163.com Wei
Yuncheng, Jilin Province, Wangqing County, Jilin
Province, Jixing Edible Fungi Planting Professional
Cooperatives Wangqing 133200 ;
wqsjjzhk @ 163.com Han
Yan, Institute of Geographical Science and Resources, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100010, hanyan78 @ 163.com Yao
Fangjie, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130021, yaofj @ jlau.edu.cn Lengliang,
School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University,
Changchun 130062, lengliang @ jlu.edu.cn Lu
Peng, School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University,
Changchun 130062, lupeng @ jlu.edu.cn Chen
Shengbo, School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin
University, Changchun 130062, chensb @ jlu.edu.cn Wu
Di, Jilin Institute of High Resolution Remote
Sensing Applications, Changchun,130118,1065142435 @ qq.com |
|
geographic zone |
Jiguan Township, Wangqing County, Yanbian
Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province |
|
The data age |
2000-2025 |
|
Data format |
.shp、.tif、.xlsx、.docx、.jpg、.png |
|
Amount of data |
80.2 MB |
|
Data set
composition |
Case area boundary data
; natural geographic data ; characteristic
data of black fungus products ; black fungus
management and historical and cultural data |
|
Fund projects |
Jilin Provincial Department of Market
Supervision and Administration ( 2025 ) |
|
Publishing and
Shared Services Platform |
Global Change
Science Research Data Publishing System http://www.geodoi.ac.cn |
|
Address |
No.11, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, Institute
of Geographical Science and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
|
Data Sharing
Policy |
（( 1 ) ' Data ' is free to the whole society through the
Internet system in the most convenient way, and users can browse and download
it free of charge ; ( 2 ) End-users using ' data ' need to mark the data
source in the reference or the appropriate location according to the
reference format ; ( 3 ) Value-added service users or users who distribute
and disseminate ' data ' in any form ( including through computer servers )
need to sign a written agreement with the editorial department of the Journal
of Global Change Data ( Chinese and English ) to obtain permission ; ( 4 )
Extracting part of the records in the ' data 'The author who creates new data
needs to follow the 10 % citation principle, that is, the data records
extracted from this data set are less than 10 % of the total records of the
new data set, and the data sources need to be labeled for the extracted data
records. [ 8 ] |
|
Data and paper
retrieval system |
DOI，DCI，CSCD，WDS/ISC，GEOSS，China GEOSS，Crossref |
3 Ecological environment data
3.1 Data acquisition method
The ecological environment data of the case area adopts a comprehensive collection method combining ' satellite remote sensing + laboratory testing ' : First, integrate satellite remote sensing data and long-term statistical data of the meteorological department to construct a time series of climate factors ; third, through field sampling, laboratory testing and analysis of soil and water bodies to ensure the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the data.
3.2 Climatic conditions data
According to the statistics of Wangqing County Meteorological Bureau[2], the average precipitation, average temperature, sunshine percentage, sunshine hours, frost-free days and other climatic factors in the case area from 2000 to 2023 all showed stable interannual variation characteristics ( Fig.4-Fig.9 ). There are no extreme abnormal fluctuations, which is in line with the climatic requirements of Auricularia auricula mycelium suitable for 22-28 ° C dry environment, 20-25 ° C, high humidity, cool, sufficient scattered light, alternation of dry and wet, and good ventilation.
3.3 Soil physical and chemical properties data
The research team sampled the soil in four core black fungus planting areas in the case area ( Fig.10 ), collected soil samples on the spot and conducted profile observation ( Fig.11 ). The soil types in the case area are mainly black soil and chernozem. According to the " Soil Environmental Quality Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard " ( GB 15618-2018 ) [ 9 ], the heavy metals and nutrient elements in soil samples were detected. The test results of the test department of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( Table 2 ) showed that the heavy metal content in the four soil samples was far lower than the national standard limit, and the soil environmental quality was excellent ; at the same time, the content of calcium ( Ca ), potassium ( K ), magnesium ( Mg ), phosphorus ( P ), iron ( Fe ) and other nutrients in the soil is rich, which provides good soil nutrient conditions for the growth of Auricularia auricula.
|
|
|
|
Fig.4 Statistics of average precipitation in
2000-2023 |
Fig.5 Statistical chart of average temperature
in 2000-2023 |
|
|
|
|
Fig.6 Statistical chart of sunshine percentage
in 2000-2023 |
Fig.7 Statistical chart of sunshine hours in
2000-2023 |
|
|
|
|
Fig.8 Statistics of frost-free days in 2000-2023 |
Fig.9 Statistical chart of maximum and minimum
temperature in 2000-2023 |
Table 2 Statistical table of main test data of soil samples in case area
|
Element type |
Soil sample 1 |
Soil sample 2 |
Soil sample 3 |
Soil sample 4 |
pollution risk control standard GB15618-2018 |
|
pH |
5.48 |
7.14 |
7.06 |
6.84 |
- |
|
Pb(mg/kg) |
21.19 |
12.56 |
14.49 |
20.46 |
<=140 |
|
Cd(mg/kg) |
0.056 |
0.077 |
0.058 |
0.054 |
<=0.3 |
|
Cu(mg/kg) |
9.21 |
17.28 |
27.30 |
16.02 |
<=100 |
|
Ca(g/kg) |
4.53 |
23.46 |
29.68 |
12.63 |
- |
|
K(g/kg) |
19.67 |
16.06 |
10.63 |
19.95 |
- |
|
Mg(g/kg) |
6.25 |
16.11 |
19.61 |
10.90 |
- |
|
P(g/kg) |
0.58 |
0.86 |
0.82 |
1.13 |
- |
|
Fe(g/kg) |
25.31
|
55.01
|
42.14
|
41.52
|
- |
|
OM(g/kg) |
42.15
|
31.43
|
29.17
|
27.98
|
- |
|
TN(g/kg) |
1.69 |
1.01 |
1.38 |
1.54 |
- |
|
TP(g/kg) |
0.445
|
0.653
|
1.008
|
0.639
|
- |
|
Cr(mg/kg) |
58.17
|
64.80
|
107.54
|
71.81
|
<=150 |
|
Ni(mg/kg) |
15.88
|
23.82
|
32.89
|
15.11
|
<=100 |
|
Zn(mg/kg) |
60.20
|
57.16
|
64.76
|
79.74
|
<=200 |
|
Hg(mg/kg) |
0.189
|
0.135
|
0.049
|
0.041
|
<=1.3 |
|
As(mg/kg) |
13.26
|
5.40 |
7.91 |
13.37
|
<=40 |
3.4 Irrigation water quality data
The irrigation water sources in the black fungus planting area of Jiguan Township are mainly atmospheric precipitation and surface runoff. The planting area is located in the traditional agricultural area. There is no industrial enterprise distribution in the whole basin and no external pollution input. The research team collected water samples from 4 water source sites in the case area ( Fig.10 ), and detected and analyzed 21 elements and ions according to the 'Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard ' ( GB 5084-2021 ) [ 10 ] ( Table 3 ). The test results of the test department of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences showed that all water quality indicators were better than the national standards, and the water quality conditions were excellent, which fully met the irrigation needs of Auricularia auricula.
|
|
|
|
Fig.10 Distribution of sampling points of soil and water |
Fig.11 Case group members investigation, field
sampling |
Table 3 Jiguan Township River Water Quality Test Data Statistics
|
Detection index |
Sample 1 |
Sample 2 |
Sample 3 |
Sample 4 |
Farmland irrigation water quality standard ( GB
5084-2021 ) |
|
|
pH |
|
7.21 |
7.05 |
7.53 |
6.75 |
5.5-8.5 |
|
CODcr |
mg/L |
22.3 |
1.96 |
1.96 |
2.74 |
<=200 |
|
anionic
surfactant |
mg/L |
0.00021 |
no detection |
no detection |
0.00016 |
<=8 |
|
Cl- |
mg/L |
3.634 |
2.697 |
2.882 |
2.922 |
<=350 |
|
sulfide |
mg/L |
0.0098 |
0.0058 |
0.0066 |
0.0067 |
<=1 |
|
total
salt |
mg/L |
84 |
56 |
55 |
38 |
<=1000 |
|
Pb |
ug/L |
1.789 |
0.462 |
0.440 |
0.413 |
<=200 |
|
Cd |
ug/L |
0.071 |
0.090 |
0.043 |
0.058 |
<=100 |
|
Cr6+ |
μg/L |
no detection |
no detection |
no detection |
no detection |
<=100 |
|
Hg |
μg/L |
0.025 |
0.024 |
0.144 |
0.018 |
<=1 |
|
As |
μg/L |
1.783 |
1.056 |
1.184 |
0.892 |
<=100 |
|
Ca |
mg/L |
10.850 |
31.069 |
21.640 |
15.386 |
- |
|
K |
mg/L |
0.820 |
1.531 |
0.996 |
1.547 |
- |
|
Mg |
mg/L |
2.085 |
5.369 |
1.859 |
2.821 |
- |
|
P |
mg/L |
0.024 |
0.014 |
0.034 |
0.034 |
- |
|
Fe |
mg/L |
0.147 |
0.101 |
0.419 |
0.118 |
- |
|
Cu |
ug/L |
1.796 |
2.106 |
5.900 |
2.702 |
<=1000 |
|
TSS |
mg/L |
14 |
17 |
8 |
14 |
<=100 |
|
fluoride |
mg/L |
0.104 |
0.184 |
0.074 |
0.075 |
<=2 |
|
B |
mg/L |
0.103 |
0.105 |
0.090 |
0.084 |
<=2 |
|
Ni |
μg/L |
1.166 |
0.733 |
0.776 |
0.835 |
<=200 |
|
cyanide |
μg/L |
0.104 |
0.122 |
0.079 |
0.095 |
<=500 |
4 Quality data of black fungus
4.1 Basic characteristics of the product
The planting of Auricularia auricula in Jiguan Township of Wangqing requires that the earing site is generally selected in the surrounding open, clean environment, good ventilation, easy drainage and waterlogging prevention, close to water source, convenient transportation site, such as grassland, flat land, gentle slope land or 6 Yang 4 Yin forest land, and avoid low-lying land. Its quality characteristics are as follows : the ear piece is bowl-shaped, 5-8cm in diameter, 1.0-1.3mm in thickness, thick, elastic and translucent, the front of the ear piece is pure black brown and shiny, the back is slightly gray white, and the boundary between the front and back is clear ; water hair is good, the piece is large and uniform, the ear flap is stretched and less curled, no rotten ear, lost ear, no peculiar smell.
Nutrient analysis showed that the black fungus was rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates and a variety of minerals, including dietary fiber content of 29 % -31 %, calcium content of 110-130 mg / 100g, iron content of 9-11 mg / 100g, magnesium content of 140-160 mg / 100g, phosphorus content of 250-280 mg / 100g, potassium content of 1-3 g / 100g, selenium content of 1.5-3μg / 100g, balanced nutrition and rich content. The dried meat is thick and black, elastic and glossy after foaming, round and delicate when eaten, with unique fragrance and excellent quality ( Fig.12-Fig.13 ).
Fig.12
Auricularia auricula ( Jiguan
Township )
Fig.13 Black fungus drying ( Jiguan Township )
4.2 Product quality test data
In this study, the samples of autumn ear from six core planting villages in Jixing Village, Dabeigou Village, Jiguan Village, Yingbi Village, Jiming Village and Huojiaying Village were selected, and the amino acid composition and quality index were tested by Pony Test Group Shanghai Co., Ltd. The results of amino acid detection ( Table 4 ) showed that the samples of 6 villages contained 16 common amino acids [ 11 ], with a total amount of 5.88-8.37 g / 100g, among which glutamic acid had the highest content ( 0.77-1.06 g / 100g ), followed by aspartic acid ( 0.68-0.92 g / 100g ).
Table 4 Detection results of 16 amino acids in Auricularia auricula ( unit : g / 100g )
|
Element type |
Jixing Village |
Dabeigou Village |
Jiguan Village |
Yingbi Village |
Jiming Village |
Huojiaying Village |
|
Aspartic acid, g / 100g |
0.71 |
0.83 |
0.78 |
0.92 |
0.68 |
0.74 |
|
Threonine, g / 100g |
0.45 |
0.52 |
0.49 |
0.58 |
0.43 |
0.48 |
|
Serine, g / 100g |
0.41 |
0.50 |
0.47 |
0.56 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
|
Glutamic acid, g / 100g |
0.80 |
0.91 |
0.85 |
1.06 |
0.77 |
0.82 |
|
Proline, g / 100g |
0.33 |
0.39 |
0.38 |
0.45 |
0.28 |
0.35 |
|
glycine, g / 100g |
0.33 |
0.43 |
0.39 |
0.47 |
0.32 |
0.35 |
|
Alanine, g / 100g |
0.57 |
0.67 |
0.63 |
0.77 |
0.54 |
0.60 |
|
Valine, g / 100g |
0.42 |
0.50 |
0.47 |
0.56 |
0.39 |
0.44 |
|
Methionine, g / 100g |
0.010 |
0.038 |
0.030 |
0.030 |
ND |
0.020 |
|
Isoleucine, g / 100g |
0.22 |
0.28 |
0.26 |
0.31 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
|
Leucine, g / 100g |
0.49 |
0.62 |
0.58 |
0.70 |
0.47 |
0.54 |
|
Tyrosine, g / 100g |
0.20 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
0.23 |
0.20 |
0.24 |
|
Phenylalanine, g / 100g |
0.33 |
0.42 |
0.38 |
0.45 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
|
Lysine, g / 100g |
0.32 |
0.46 |
0.44 |
0.50 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
|
Histidine, g / 100g |
0.20 |
0.22 |
0.22 |
0.26 |
0.19 |
0.21 |
|
Arginine, g / 100g |
0.36 |
0.46 |
0.44 |
0.52 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
|
Total 16 amino acids, g / 100g |
6.15 |
7.48 |
7.00 |
8.37 |
5.88 |
6.47 |
According to the national standard of ' black fungus ' ( GB / T 6192-2019 ) [ 11 ], the inspection and testing center of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was entrusted to test the product quality ( Table 5 ). The results showed that all the indexes were better than the national standard requirements : the ear pieces were complete and uniform, naturally curled, and the color was pure and shiny ; there were no moldy ears and moth-eaten ears, and the impurity content was 0 ( national standard limit ≤ 0.5 % ). The contents of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, inorganic arsenic and methylmercury were much lower than the national standard limit, and no pesticide residues such as DDT, BHC and dichlorvos were detected. The product quality was safe and reliable.
Table 5 Auricularia auricula quality test results
|
Element type |
Yingbi Village |
Huojiaying Village |
Jiming Village |
Jiguan Village |
Dabeigou Village |
Jixing Village |
black fungus ( GB / T 6192-2019 ) |
|
Mouldy ear |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
（None） |
|
Insect earworm |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
（None） |
|
Ear thickness,
mm |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
|
|
Impurities, % |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
0.0 ( no hair, metal debris, glass ) |
≤0.5 |
|
Dry-wet ratio |
1：11.9 |
1：11.4 |
1：11.0 |
1：10.7 |
1：10.4 |
1：12.0 |
More than 1 : 9 |
|
Moisture, % |
9.52 |
9.63 |
9.61 |
9.65 |
9.67 |
9.49 |
≤12.0 |
|
Ash ( in dry mass ), % |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
≤6.0 |
|
Total sugar ( converted sugar ), % |
56.8 |
48.9 |
49.2 |
44.1 |
43.8 |
51.9 |
≥22.0 |
|
Crude protein, %
|
11.0 |
10.8 |
12.6 |
12.8 |
12.5 |
10.9 |
≥7.0 |
|
Crude fat, % |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
≥0.4 |
|
Crude fiber, % |
3.6 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
4.9 |
3.0-6.0 |
|
Lead ( Pb ), mg / kg |
0.061 |
0.056 |
0.18 |
0.17 |
0.21 |
0.082 |
≤1.0 |
|
Cadmium ( Cd ), mg / kg |
0.031 |
0.032 |
0.055 |
0.051 |
0.055 |
0.031 |
≤0.5 |
|
inorganic
arsenic, mg / kg |
0.073 |
0.065 |
0.057 |
0.081 |
0.077 |
0.051 |
≤0.5 |
|
Methylmercury,
mg / kg |
0.0083 |
0.010 |
0.011 |
ND |
0.091 |
0.013 |
≤0.1 |
|
DDT, mg / kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
BHC, mg / kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
Dichlorvos, mg /
kg |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
Calcium, mg / kg
|
490 |
456 |
358 |
426 |
395 |
457 |
|
|
Iron, mg / kg |
4.00 |
3.93 |
12.56 |
10.52 |
12.23 |
4.02 |
|
|
Magnesium, mg /
kg |
167 |
211 |
203 |
221 |
212 |
151 |
|
|
Phosphorus, mg /
kg |
192 |
190 |
287 |
302 |
310 |
194 |
|
|
Potassium, mg /
kg |
1014 |
1038 |
1126 |
1149 |
1158 |
930 |
|
Note :
ND is not detected.
5 Historical and cultural traditions and industrial management
5.1 The planting and management of Wangqing Jiguan black fungus
Wangqing Jiguan black fungus planting management norms [ 13-14 ], around the strain breeding, raw material matrix, bag production, cultivation of bacteria out of the ear, field management, pest control, harvesting and processing and traceability control of the whole process to establish a strict standardization system. Priority should be given to the selection of local high-quality cold-resistant varieties. Qualified cultivation raw materials such as hard broad-leaved wood chips should be strictly limited, and the ratio, moisture content and bagging standards should be standardized. Complete sterilization and aseptic inoculation procedures should be carried out for a sufficient period of time. Refined control of temperature and humidity during the germination period, dark ventilation and post-ripening of the bag, after the mycelium matures, according to the uniform specifications of the opening germination, combined with the characteristics of open-air all-light cultivation in Northeast China, scientific control of light, intermittent fog spray, field drainage and ventilation conditions [ 15-16 ]. Adhere to the prevention and control of green pests and diseases based on agriculture and physical prevention and control, strictly prohibit high-toxic pesticides, control the maturity and timely harvest, standardize sun drying or low-temperature drying, graded drying, clean storage and packaging, and establish a complete production ledger to achieve full traceability. Strictly control the red line problems such as raw material prohibition, sterilization and shrinkage, illegal use of drugs, miscellaneous bacteria pollution, and non-standard drying, and comprehensively ensure the quality safety and product quality of Auricularia auricula.
The project team selected samples from the two main bacterial package production bases of Jiapigou Village and Dabei Village in Jiguan Township for monitoring. According to the production conditions and cultivation experience of wild Auricularia auricula, sawdust was selected as the main raw material in the medium. Excipient wheat bran as a filler, while providing nutrients ; bean cake powder provides minerals and trace elements ; gypsum powder plays a role in setting and fixing ; white ash adjusts the pH of the culture. The proportion of each component : raw wood chips 90-95 %, wheat bran 2-4 %, bean cake powder 2-3 %, gypsum 0.8-1.2 %, lime 0.6-0.8 %. Wood mainly comes from the local Changbai Mountain birch and oak. Heavy metals and nutrient elements were detected according to the " Soil Environmental Quality Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard " ( GB 15618-2018 ) ( Table 6 ). The results showed that the contents of lead ( Pb ), cadmium ( Cd ) and copper ( Cu ) in the bags were 0.626-2.177 mg / kg, 0.044-0.134 mg / kg and 4.361-6.232 mg / kg, respectively, which were much lower than the national standard limits. At the same time, the contents of total organic carbon ( TOC ), total nitrogen ( TN ), total phosphorus ( TP ), calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and other nutrients in the fungus bag were sufficient, which could provide a stable nutrient supply for the growth of Auricularia auricula. The quality of the fungus bag met the requirements of high-quality cultivation.
The weight of each produced waste fungus bag is about 400 - 500 g. There are four main ways to use the waste fungus bag ( bag ) : ( 1 ) self-use fuel ; ( 2 ) Spent mushroom substrate returning to field as fertilizer ; ( 3 ) Enterprise recycling ; ( 4 ) Biomass power generation. The recycling price of waste bags is about 240-260 yuan / ton.
Table 6 Statistical table of detection data of black fungus bag
|
Jiapigou Village |
Dabeigou Village |
' Soil
Environmental Quality Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard
' ( GB 15618-2018 ) |
||
|
TOC |
g/kg |
485.34
|
475.85
|
-- |
|
TN |
g/kg |
5.33 |
6.94 |
-- |
|
TP |
g/kg |
0.463 |
0.545 |
-- |
|
Ca |
g/kg |
13.377
|
17.428
|
-- |
|
K |
g/kg |
3.204 |
2.370 |
-- |
|
Mg |
g/kg |
0.641 |
1.091 |
-- |
|
Fe |
g/kg |
0.905 |
1.266 |
-- |
|
Cu |
mg/kg |
4.361 |
6.232 |
《=50 |
|
Pb |
mg/kg |
0.626 |
2.177 |
《=90 |
|
Cd |
mg/kg |
0.044 |
0.134 |
《=0.3 |
5.2 Wangqing Jiguan black fungus traceability technology
In order to realize the growth environment and process traceability of Auricularia auricula, in April 2025, Wangqing County Market Supervision and Administration Bureau and Jiguan Township Government installed a fully automatic ecological positioning observation station in the core area of Auricularia auricula planting ( Fig.14-Fig.15 ). The observation station is a low-power Internet of Things sensing device, which has the functions of automatic acquisition, identification and transmission of ecological environment elements such as meteorology, air, soil, water quality, vegetation, phenology, pests and diseases, and clarifies the person responsible for equipment protection and operation management.
|
|
|
|
Fig.14 Jiguan Township Ecological Observation Station ( Photo taken by Wang Yichun on May 24,2025 ) |
Fig.15 Two-dimensional code of landmark habitat system in Jiguan Township |
5.3 Wangqing cockscomb black fungus cultural history
There is a long history of
using Auricularia auricula in Jiguan Township of Wangqing County. In the ' Book of Rites ' of 73 BC, there
is a record of ' food added to the common, ashamed of the Zhitong
' ( ' Zhitong ' refers to
mushrooms and ears ) ; in the 1930 s, Jia Sixie, an
agronomist of the late Wei Dynasty, recorded the cooking and eating methods of
black fungus in ' Qimin Yaoshu
'. Su Gong of Tang Dynasty recorded the artificial cultivation technology of
Auricularia heimuer for the first time in 'Tang Ben
Cao Zhu ' : ' Sang, Huai, Zhu, Yu, Liu are Auricularia
heimuer... Boiled porridge, on the wood, to grass Fuzhi, that is, Shenger '. The
cultivation history of Auricularia auricula in Wangqing
County can be traced back to the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty in
1862.According to the records of ' Wangqing County
Chronicles ', since then, the local residents have raised a variety of business
models such as ' vegetable camp ' ( cultivating
Auricularia auricula ) and ' stick hammer camp ' ( planting ginseng ) in addition to
farming, hunting and mining medicinal materials.
The planting of black fungus in Jiguan Township has a long history. From the initial planting of 1.2 million bags to the planting of 30 million bags in 2025 ( the total planting scale of the whole township reaches 48 million bags ), covering all administrative villages, the number of growers has increased from more than 60 households to more than 750 households, forming an ecological circulation industry chain integrating strain research and development, bag production, base construction, product processing, brand packaging, logistics distribution and waste material management, which has become the pillar industry of the whole township. And in 2019, China Wangqing black fungus industry development conference was held. On July 4,2020, Jiguan Township held the Muer Festival, and carried out activities such as dance performance of Xiangmao Dance Art Troupe, Muer picking competition, Muer packaging competition, visiting product exhibition area and art exhibition area, Korean folk custom-thousand people mixing rice.
5.4 Population structure change and industrial development
From 2014 to 2025, the population of Jiguan Township showed a continuous decreasing trend[3]: the rural population decreased from 8510 to 7361, a decrease of 1149, a decrease of 13.50 %, an average annual decrease of 104.5, an average annual decrease of 1.23 % ; the population within the working age decreased from 5531 to 4722, with a cumulative decrease of 809, a decrease of 14.63 %. The proportion of the working population decreased slightly from 64.99 % to 64.15 %, a decrease of 0.85 percentage points. The decrease in the total labor supply has a certain impact on agricultural production and rural construction ( table 7 ).
Table 7 Demographic statistics of each village in Jiguan Township
|
year |
the rural organizations of gross roots |
Number of rural households and population |
|||
|
Village committee |
Villagers ' groups |
Number of rural households |
Rural population ( person ) |
Population within working age ( person ) |
|
|
2014 |
13 |
64 |
2995 |
8510 |
5531 |
|
2015 |
13 |
64 |
2790 |
7925 |
5167 |
|
2016 |
13 |
64 |
2780 |
7914 |
4610 |
|
2017 |
13 |
64 |
2761 |
7840 |
4896 |
|
2018 |
13 |
64 |
2755 |
7825 |
5491 |
|
2019 |
13 |
64 |
2722 |
7740 |
5413 |
|
2020 |
13 |
64 |
2735 |
7777 |
5055 |
|
2021 |
13 |
64 |
2692 |
7644 |
4968 |
|
2022 |
13 |
64 |
2684 |
7623 |
4910 |
|
2023 |
13 |
64 |
2640 |
7498 |
4822 |
|
2024 |
13 |
64 |
2617 |
7431 |
4810 |
|
2025 |
13 |
64 |
2592 |
7361 |
4722 |
The urban-rural structure of the population shows the characteristics of " increasing rural areas and decreasing urban areas, " and the urbanization rate is decreasing against the trend : the proportion of rural population in the total population has increased from 92.32 % to 93.59 %, an increase of 1.27 percentage points ; the urban population decreased from 708 to 504, a decrease of 204, a decrease of 28.81 %, and the proportion of the total population decreased from 7.68 % to 6.41 %, a decrease of 1.96 times that of the total population. The gender structure of the population remained stable. The male population decreased from 4744 to 4045, a decrease of 14.73 %, and the female population decreased from 4474 to 3820, a decrease of 14.62 %.
Since the revitalization of rural areas, the cumulative investment of Auricularia auricula industry in Jiguan Township has been 69.096 6 million yuan, 5 standardized bacterial package factories have been built ( with a total investment of 22.761 6 million yuan ), and 200,000 bags of daily bacterial packages have been produced ( wood and wood chips are mainly derived from Liaoning Province ) ; one strain factory ( investment of 9.25 million yuan ), with an annual output of 1.5 million bags of strains ; there were 3 standardized workshops ( total investment of 29.5 million yuan ), with 8 million bags of bacteria per year. Four black fungus planting bases ( with a total investment of 7.515 million yuan, all of which are basic farmland ), and 2.7 million bags of fungus bags are placed every year ; a edible fungi research institute ( investment of 70,000 yuan ) registered the ' Jiguan Qingwa ' black fungus brand in 2019, and has obtained QS certification, green food certification and geographical indication product protection. In 2025, the industry will achieve a total output of 3.6 million jin, an annual output value of 100 million yuan, a net profit of nearly 36 million yuan, and an average household income of 48,000 yuan, providing strong support for regional economic development and farmers ' income increase.
At present, Wangqing black fungus has become a pillar industry of
agricultural characteristics in the county. It has 17 leading enterprises of
agricultural industrialization above the provincial level, 71 standardized
bacteria package factories, 116 professional cooperatives, and 10 family ( professional ) farms. The annual cultivation volume is
stable at 450 million bags, with a total output of 23,000 tons of dried black
fungus and an output value of 3.4 billion yuan, driving 30,000 farmers to
engage in related industries. During the period of poverty alleviation, the per
capita income of 14369 poor people in 8356 households was increased by more
than 500 yuan through the three ways of fungus bag production, planting and
maintenance, and employment. In the stage of rural revitalization, the model of
' enterprise + village collective + peasant household ' is innovated, and
cooperatives or leading enterprises are entrusted to cultivate and raise the
poverty-stricken population without labor ability or weak labor ability. In
2024, the per capita income of 1137 households and 1784 poverty-stricken people
will increase by more than 400 yuan, and the industrial radiation driving
effect is significant.
6 Conclusions and Discussion
The
unique topography and geomorphology, superior climatic conditions (sufficient
light, suitable temperature and humidity), and excellent soil and water quality
environment in Jiguan Township have jointly nurtured
high-quality Auricularia auricula products with geographical indication
characteristics. By relying on local characteristic ecological resources,
developing the planting and deep processing of high value-added agricultural
products, and cultivating agricultural industrialization leading enterprises,
this case has not only achieved remarkable economic benefits with an annual
output value of 100 million yuan and an average household income increase of
48,000 yuan, but also provided a large number of employment posts, which plays
an important role in alleviating population outflow and promoting rural
revitalization. At the same time, the model of "ecological protection +
standardized production + brand building + integration of three
industries" formed in the development of the Auricularia auricula industry
in Jiguan Township provides a reference practical
experience for the development of characteristic agricultural product
industries and the coordinated promotion of ecological economy in similar
regions in China.
Future
research can further deepen the analysis of the coupling relationship between
the growth of Auricularia auricula and ecological environment factors, optimize
the cultivation technology system, and improve the ecological benefits of the
industry; at the same time, strengthen the excavation of brand culture and
market promotion, expand the high-end consumer market, and promote the industry
to develop towards a higher quality and more sustainable direction.
Author
Contributions
Ye Yinghui and Lu Peng were responsible for the overall design
of the dataset and the drafting of the data paper; Shi Ruixiang and Jiang
Zhaocai put forward revision suggestions for the dataset development and the
first draft of the paper; Wang Yichun et al. were responsible for the
collection and testing of soil, water, fungal bag and other samples; Zhao Yong,
Li Enhua, Wang Jisheng, Gao Mingxu, Gao Bin and Wang Yichun provided and
processed real-time monitoring data; Song Yubin provided the social and
economic development and population statistics data of Jiguan
Township; Wang Bin, Lin Yan and Yao Fangjie collected and provided key data on
the planting and management of Auricularia auricula; Ye Yinghui
completed the final draft of the paper.
Acknowledgements
We
sincerely thank Researcher Liu Chuang, Director Wang Zhenbo and Associate
Editor Shi Ruixiang from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences for their guidance, and the
leaders of relevant departments such as the Administration for Market
Regulation of Wangqing County for their support!
Conflict
of Interest Statement
There
is no conflict of interest between the researchers and the published research
results.
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