GIES Case Study on Hunjiang
District Schisandra Chinensis Mountain Valley in Sandaogou
Township
Lu, H. W.1* Xu, D.2 Yang, S.3 Zhang, M. Y.3 Yang, Y. F.1 Zhang, H. Z.4 Xue, Y. X.1 Lei, H.1 Cui, Y. W.5 Wang, L.5 Zhang, F. S.5 Peng, L. D.5 Feng, H.3 Gu, P. C.6,7 Wang, X.8 Lu, G. Y.9 Pan, H. G.10 Wang, S. J.11
1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2.The People's Government of HunJiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, Hunjiang 134399, China;
3.Hunjiang Sub-district Office,BaiShan Municipal Administration for Market
Regulation, Hunjiang 134399, China;
4.Institute
of Data Science and Agricultural Economics, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and
Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
5.Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan
City, Jilin Province, Hunjiang 134307, China;
6.Sandaogou Qiangnong Cooperative Union, Hunjiang 134307, China;
7.Ditai Village,
Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan City, Jilin
Province, Hunjiang 134307, China;
8.Erdaogou Village,
Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan City, Jilin
Province, Hunjiang 134307, China;
9.Jilin Jiuxiancao Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing
Co., Ltd, Hunjiang 130051, China;
10.Baishan Debacai Ecological
Technology Co., Ltd, Hunjiang 134307, China;
11.JiLin
Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin 132109, China
Abstract: The GIES case study on Hunjiang District Schisandra
Chinensis Mountain Valley in Sandaogou Township, is situated in Sandaogou
Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan City, Jilin
Province. The region is characterised by a
temperate continental monsoon climate with pronounced seasonal variation,
abundant precipitation, and sufficient sunshine. Soil are fertile and meet national standards for soil environmental
quality and the control of agricultural land soil pollution. Irrigation water
is sourced from precipitation and tributaries of the Yalu River; meets the
Class I standards of the National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards
and the Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water, supporting optimal growth
conditions for Schisandra chinensis. In 2024, the cultivated area reached 450.8
ha. Schisandra produced in Sandaogou Town has a schisandrin A content (dry weight) exceeding the standards
set by the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, and contains
abundant flavonoids and amino acids, indicating high medicinal value and
product quality. Based on scientific data, this case study summarises
a model for the conservation and sustainable development of the mountainous
river valley habitats of Schisandra in Sandaogou
Town, Hunjiang District.This case dataset comprises five
components: (1) Case Scope; (2) Natural Geographic Data; (3) Schisandra Species
Characteristics Data; (4) Industry Development and Management Data; (5)
Photographic Data. Storage formats include .shp,
.docx, .jpg, .tif, and .xlsx, totaling 37.8 MB
(compressed into a single file, 29.4 MB after compression).
Keywords: Schisandra chinensis; Sandaogou Town; Changbai
mountain region; GIES; Case 30
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2026.03.02
CSTR: https://cstr.escience.org.cn/CSTR:20146.14.2026.03.02
1.Introduction
The Schisandraceae family belongs to the Magnoliidae subclass and the Magnoliales
order, comprising the Schisandra genus (Schisandra Michx.) and the Kadsura genus (Kadsura
Kaempf. Ex Juss). Globally, 39 species of Schisandraceae
have been identified, with 29 species native to China, making it the region
with the most concentrated distribution of Schisandraceae
plants[1]. Schisandraceae
plants are primarily distributed in North China, Northeast China, Inner
Mongolia, and Henan Province within China, with additional occurrences in the
Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and India. In China, the primary
sources for the commonly used medicinal Schisandra are the dried mature fruits
of Schisandra chinensis (Northern Schisandra) and Schisandra sphenanthera (Southern Schisandra). These fruits are
named for their distinctive taste profile, including sour, sweet, pungent,
bitter, and salty[2].Northern Schisandra, primarily produced in northeastern
China. Its fruits are large with thick flesh, ranging in color from deep red to
purplish black. They contain high levels of medicinal components and exhibit
potent therapeutic effects[3]. In contrast, Southern Schisandra is
primarily cultivated in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, and other
provinces, produces smaller fruits with comparatively lower medicinal efficacy[4].
Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, is located in the southeastern part of Jilin Province at the foot of
the Changbai Mountains. It features a temperate
continental monsoon climate with distinct seasonal changes, abundant precipitation,
and sufficient annual sunshine.These
environmental characteristics provide suitable conditions for the cultivation
of Schisandra chinensis. Currently, Changbai
Mountain Schisandra is a nationally recognized geographical indication product.
Sandaogou Town falls within the protected
geographical indication production area of this geographical indication product
and is authorized to use the "Geographical Indication of P.R.China" of Changbai Mountain Schisandra.
This study compiled and analyzed data regarding the ecological
environment of Sandaogou Town in Hunjiang
District and the characteristics of Schisandra chinensis products. It
developed the GIES case dataset on Hunjiang District Schisandra Chinensis
Mountain Valley in Sandaogou Township, aiming to provide scientific support for
the habitat conservation and sustainable development of Schisandra chinensis
products from Sandaogou town.
2.Metadata of the Dataset
The metadata for the GIES
Case Dataset on Hunjiang District Schisandra
Chinensis Mountain Valley in Sandaogou Township[5] is summarized in Table 1. It includes the
Dataset full name, short name, authors, year of the dataset, data format, data
size, data files, data publisher, and data sharing policy, et al.
Table
1 Metadata
Summary of the GIES Case Dataset on Sandaogou Schisandra Chinensis from Middle Mountains
|
Items |
Description |
|
Dataset full name |
GIES Case Dataset on Hunjiang District Schisandra Chinensis Mountain Valley in
Sandaogou Township |
|
Dataset short name |
HunjiangSchisandraChinensisCase30 |
|
Authors |
Lu, H. W., Institute of Geographic Sciences and
Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, luhw@igsnrr.ac.cn |
|
|
Xu, D., The People's Government of HunJiang District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 781482619@qq.com |
|
|
Yang, S., Hunjiang
Sub-district Office, BaiShan Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, 59330666@qq.com |
|
|
Zhang, M. Y., Hunjiang
Sub-district Office, BaiShan Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, 554286240@qq.com |
|
|
Yang, Y. F., Institute of Geographic Sciences and
Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, yangyunfei24@mails.ucas.ac.cn |
|
|
Zhang, H. Z., Institute
of Data Science and Agricultural Economics, Beijing Academy of Agriculture
and Forestry Sciences, zhanghuizhi@baafs.net.cn |
|
|
Xue, Y. X., Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, xueyx.20b@igsnrr.ac.cn |
|
|
Lei, H., Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, leihong251@mails.ucas.ac.cn |
|
|
Cui, Y. W., Sandaogou
Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 18743919177@139.com |
|
|
Wang, L., Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 13943938898@139.com |
|
|
Zhang, F. S., Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 58823121@qq.com |
|
|
Peng, L. D., Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 13943911515@139.com |
|
|
Feng, H., Hunjiang
Sub-district Office, BaiShan Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, 329900785@qq.com |
|
|
Gu, P. C., Sandaogou Qiangnong Cooperative
Union, Ditai Village,Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province, 16604392777@139.com |
|
|
Wang, X., Erdaogou Village, Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang District, Baishan
City, Jilin Province, 13843903983@139.com |
|
|
Lu, G. Y., Jilin Jiuxiancao Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing
Co., Ltd,
jljxc2025@126.com |
|
|
Pan, H. G., Baishan Debacai Ecological Technology Co., Ltd, 178920576@qq.com |
|
|
Wang, S. J., JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology College, 172975673@qq.com |
|
Geographical region |
Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province:41°29′50″N–41°48′10″N,
126°22′41″E–126°41′18″E |
|
Year |
2025 |
|
Data format |
.xlsx, .shp, .tif, .jpg, .docx |
|
Data size |
37.8 MB (Compress into one file.The compressed file size is 29.4 MB) |
|
Data files |
The dataset includes: (1)Boundary
data of the case area; (2)Physical geography data (climate,
water, soil, DEM, slope, land use, and NDVI); (3)Characteristic
data of Schisandra Chinensis; (4)Industrial
development and management operations. |
|
Data publisher |
Global Change Research Data Publishing &
Repository, http://www.geodoi.ac.cn |
|
Address |
No.
11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101,
China |
|
Data sharing policy |
Data from the Global Change Research Data
Publishing & Repository includes
metadata, datasets (in the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository),
and publications (in the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery).
Data sharing policy includes: (1) Data are openly
available and can be free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users are
encouraged to use Data subject to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition
also value-added service providers, are welcome to redistribute Data
subject to written permission from the GCdataPR
Editorial Office and the issuance of a Data redistribution license; and
(4) If Data are used to compile new datasets, the ‘ten per cent
principal’ should be followed such that Data records utilized should not
surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be clearly
noted in suitable places in the new dataset[6] |
|
Communication
and searchable system |
DOI,
DCI, CSCD, WDS/ISC, GEOSS, China GEOSS, Crossref |
3 Case Dataset Development
3.1 Geographic Location of the Study Area
Hunjiang
District, located at the foot of the Changbai
Mountains in southeastern Jilin Province, is bordered Tonghua
County of Tonghua City to the west, Liuhe County to
the north, Jilin City to the south, and Jiangyuan
County and Linjiang City to the east. To the
southeast, it faces the Democratic People's Republic of Korea across the river,
with a border length of 45 km. The district administers 8 subdistricts and 4
towns (Figure 1)[1].
Currently, the district's total area dedicated to specialty agriculture reaches
20.67 km2, with 8 km2 allocated to medicinal herb
cultivation and over 30 varieties are cultivated.
The case study area is situated in Sandaogou Town, southern Hunjiang
District, Baishan City, Jilin Province (41°29′50″N–41°48′10″N,
126°22′41″E–126°41′18″E). It faces North Korea's Cicheng
County across the river to the east, borders Jilin City's Qingshi
Town to the south, connects with Hongtuya Town to the
west, and adjoins Linjiang City's Weishahe
Town to the north.The town
has a border length of 45 km and an administrative area of 426.62 km²,
comprising six administrative villages (Figure 1). Currently, Sandaogou Town is the primary cultivation zone for Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis, with 4.51 km² under
cultivation and an annual fresh fruit production of approximately 6,956 t.
Figure 1 Map of Geographic Location of the Case Study
Area
3.2 Ecological and Environment Data
3.2.1 Topography
The study area is situated in the low-mountainous regions of the
Longgang and Laoling ranges with terrain gradually
sloping from north to south and is characterised by
undulating ridges, dense forests, layered peaks, and intersecting ravines.
Major mountain ranges include Laohu Ridge, Laotudingzi Ridge, Dahai South
Slope Ridge, Laoliangzi Ridge, Toudaoyangcha
Ridge, and Bugedong Ravine Ridge. The dominant
topography within the study area comprises low-to-medium undulating mountains,
medium-undulating low mountains, and medium-undulating mountains[2].
Among these, medium-undulating mountains cover 390.54 km² (91.54%) and
represent the most prevalent topographic type. Low-to-medium undulating
mountains cover 18.04 km² (4.23%) and occur in the northwest, medium-undulating
low mountains occupying the same area in the southeast. Based on the SRTM 3 90
m elevation data and slope analysis[3],
the elevation of the study area ranges from 283 m to 1512 m (Figure 2), the
highest point occurs on Laohu Rid and the lowest along
the banks of the Yalu River. Slopes range from 0° to 55.8°(Figure
3). The river valley region features flat terrain, with an average elevation of
424.88 m and a slope of 9.67°, and constitute the principal cultivation areas
for Schisandra chinensis.
Figure 2 Map
of Topographic of the Study Area
Figure 3 Map
of Slope of the Study Area
3.2.2 Climate Characteristics
Sandaogou Town of Hunjiang
District is situated in the mid-temperate zone, and is characterized by a
distinct mid-temperate continental monsoon climate with pronounced seasonal
variation. The
four seasons are clearly defined. Summers are mild and rainy, while springs and
winters are cold and dry, and diurnal temperature fluctuations are significant,
with large annual and daily temperature ranges. Based on long-term monitoring
data (1985-2024) from the Baishan Meteorological Station (No. 54371) within Hunjiang District[4],
the case study area recorded a mean annual temperature of 5°C, with recorded
extremes of 36.5°C and -35.1°C. Annual precipitation averages 888.9 mm, with a
highly uneven distribution, exceeding 50% in summer and less than 5% in winter,
demonstrating typical rain-heat synchronization. The region also exhibits a
mean relative humidity of 71%, a frost-free period of 115–140 days, a mean wind
speed of 1.8 m/s, and an annual sunshine duration of 2181.5 hours. The region receives
abundant annual sunshine, distributed relatively uniformly throughout the year
(Figures 4 and 5). This climate, characterized by large diurnal temperature
variations, rain-heat synchronization, and abundant sunlight, provides an
exceptionally suitable habitat for dry matter accumulation and moisture supply
in Schisandra chinensis cultivation in Sandaogou
Town.
Figure 4 Changes in mean annual temperature, mean annual
precipitation, and mean annual sunshine hours in the Study Area, 1985–2024
Figure 5 Distribution of average monthly temperature,
average monthly precipitation, and average monthly sunshine hours in the Study
Area over the past 5 years
3.2.3 Schisandra chinensis cultivation
areas and NDVI
Schisandra chinensis cultivation areas were identified through visual interpretation of
Google Earth remote sensing imagery (Figure 6). Comparison with a 30 m
resolution national land cover dataset[7] indicated that the distribution of Schisandra
chinensis cultivation areas closely aligns with that of local farmland.
These areas are primarily concentrated in the valleys and river basins of the
central and eastern regions, characterized by lower elevations and gentler
slopes. Furthermore, an analysis of vegetation cover in the study area based on
2024 TM satellite imagery[5]
revealed that the region possesses abundant forest resources. The spatial distribution
of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is
highly consistent with forest cover, indicating excellent overall vegetation
condition and a stable ecosystem. This provides an optimal ecological
environment for the cultivation and growth of Schisandra chinensis,
thereby supporting the potential for its sustainable development (Figure 7).
Figure 6 Map
of Land Use and Schisandra planting areas in the Case Study Area
Figure 7 Spatial
distribution map of NDVI in the Case Study Area in 2024
3.2.4 Soil Data
The predominant soil type in the study area is dark brown forest soil, which
typically develops under temperate humid monsoon climates and mixed
coniferous-broadleaf forests and is widely distributed across Northeast China.
This soil is characterized by accumulated organic matter in the topsoil and a
moderately to slightly acidic pH profile, providing favorable conditions for Schisandra
chinensis growth. To evaluate the current soil status in the case study
area, 15 soil sampling sites were established across the primary cultivation
areas of six villages (Figure 8). Soil samples were collected at 20 cm
intervals, resulting in 57 samples, with sampling depths ranging from 40 to 100
cm (averaging 80 cm). The 57 soil samples were analyzed by the Physical and
Chemical Analysis Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CMA-certified) for soil
fertility indicators including pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, total
potassium, available potassium, available phosphorus, as well as soil heavy
metal concentrations, specifically mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd),
chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickle(Ni).
The soil fertility test results are presented in Figure 9. Soil pH
ranged from 4.02 to 7.95 (averaging 5.88), indicating slightly acidic to
neutral conditions. Although existing literature typically defines the optimal
pH for Schisandra
chinensis as
5.5–6.5, over a decade of local cultivation has shown that growth and fruit
phenotypic indicators at sites exceeding the optimal pH range (e.g., pH > 7)
do not differ significantly from those within the optimal range. This
adaptation may be attributed to the region’s high soil organic matter content
and relatively high background fertility, which can buffer pH-related stress
and mitigate its effects on plant growth. Such buffering capacity may enhance
the ecological adaptability of Schisandra chinensis to variable soil pH conditions. Across the sampling sites,
soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, available phosphorus, and
available potassium concentrations ranged from 4.36–84.38 g/kg, 0.46–3.88 g/kg,
15.99–30.20 g/kg, 7.9–238.3 mg/kg and 46.83–1512.3 mg/kg, respectively.
Analysis of the 15 sampling sites revealed that, across different soil layers
at various locations, the 0–20 cm layer exhibited higher levels of soil organic
matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, available phosphorus and available
potassium, ranging from 22.78–84.38 g/kg, 0.92–3.88 g/kg, 18.02–25.34 g/kg,
11.5–237 mg/kg and 123.33–1512.3 mg/kg, respectively, with mean values of 42.09
g/kg, 1.87 g/kg, 21.36 g/kg, 65.9 mg/kg and 380.79 mg/kg, with standard
deviations of 18.37 g/kg, 0.65 g/kg, 2.47 g/kg, 71.46 mg/kg and 343.23 mg/kg, respectively.
These levels align with the "Abundant" category (Grade II) of the National Second Soil Census Soil Nutrient
Classification Standards[8].
The heavy metal content results for the case study area are shown in
Table 2. Across all soil layers, the concentration ranges for Cr, Zn, Hg, As,
Ni, Cu, Cd, and Pb were 34–130 mg/kg, 48.5–152 mg/kg, 0.017–0.52 mg/kg, 4.3–21
mg/kg, 3.88–61.32 mg/kg, 2.09–43.36 mg/kg, 0.0098–0.294 mg/kg, and 3.47–59.44
mg/kg, respectively. Comparing the heavy metal indicator test results from the
case study area with the soil pollution risk screening values specified in the
Soil environmental quality - Risk control standard for soil contamination of
agricultural land (GB15618-2018)[9], all measured concentrations fell well below
the designated agricultural land pollution risk screening values. This
indicates that the soil environmental quality in the case study area is favorable,
with no evidence of heavy metal contamination.
Figure 8 Distribution map of sampling points for soil
and water samples of Schisandra Chinensis in the Case Study Area.
Figure 9
Soil fertility test results for the case study area.
Table 2
Heavy metal detection results in case study area soil (mg/kg)
|
|
Cr |
Zn |
Hg |
As |
Ni |
Cu |
Cd |
Pb |
|
Maximum detectable value |
130 |
152 |
0.52 |
21 |
61.32 |
43.36 |
0.294 |
59.44 |
|
Corresponding pH value |
5.96 |
7.41 |
7.39 |
6.20 |
6.01 |
7.05 |
7.05 |
4.48 |
|
Corresponding risk
screening values |
150 |
250 |
2.4 |
40 |
70 |
100 |
0.3 |
70 |
3.2.5 Water Quality Data
The case study area is situated on the
northern bank of the Yalu River, forming part of the Yalu River basin. The primary
watercourses within its boundaries comprise the Yalu River mainstem and the Hun River. The
mainstem section extends 48.5 km with a catchment area of 420.6 km2,
receiving inflows from six first-order tributaries, five second-order
tributaries, and three third-order tributaries. These tributaries, supplemented
by natural precipitation, constitute the primary irrigation sources for the Schisandra chinensis cultivation zones. Consequently, 12 surface
water samples were collected from rivers adjacent to these cultivation areas
(Figure 8). A total of 48 parameters were analysed in
accordance with the Environmental quality standards for
surface water (GB3838-2002)[10] and the Standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2022)[11]. These indicators included pH, dissolved
oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, and other conventional water quality parameters,
along with heavy metals and mineral elements. The water quality results are
presented in Table 3. Surface water in the case study area exhibited a slightly
alkaline pH ranging from 7.86–8.20 and DO levels between 11.13 and 11.35 mg/L,
with all parameters falling within permissible limits. Notably, heavy metals such
as As, Cd, and Co were not detected. According to the
Surface Water Environmental Quality
Evaluation Measures (Trial Implementation), all test results met the standards for Class I water
specified in the Environmental quality standards for
surface water (GB3838-2002)
and complied with the limit requirements for tested indicators specified in the
Standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2022). This indicates that the irrigation water quality for Schisandra chinensis in the case study area is excellent, providing
an optimal hydrological environment for its cultivation.
Table 3 Statistical
summary of river water quality test results in the case study area
|
Test item |
Water sample test results |
“Environmental quality standards for surface water”
(GB3838-2002) Class I standard |
“Standards for drinking water quality
”(GB5749-2022) |
|
pH |
8.03 |
6~9 |
6.5~8.5 |
|
DO (mg/L) |
11.24 |
≥ 7.5 |
/ |
|
CODMn (mg/L) |
1.79 |
≤ 2 |
3 |
|
COD (mg/L) |
13 |
≤ 15 |
/ |
|
BOD5
(mg/L) |
2.49 |
≤ 3 |
/ |
|
Ammonia
nitrogen (mg/L) |
0.1 |
≤ 0.15 |
0.5 |
|
P (mg/L) |
0 |
≤ 0.02 |
/ |
|
Cu (mg/L) |
0 |
≤ 0.01 |
1.0 |
|
Zn (mg/L) |
0 |
≤ 0.05 |
1.0 |
|
F- (mg/L) |
0.2445 |
≤ 1 |
1 |
|
Se (mg/L) |
0.0004 |
≤ 0.01 |
|
|
As (mg/L) |
0 |
≤ 0.05 |
0.01 |
|
Hg (mg/L) |
0.00004 |
≤ 0.00005 |
0.001 |
|
Cd (mg/L) |
0 |
≤ 0.001 |
0.005 |
|
Cr (mg/L) |
0.00065 |
≤ 0.01 |
0.05 |
|
Pb (mg/L) |
0.00335 |
≤ 0.01 |
0.01 |
|
Cyanide
(mg/L) |
< 0.002 |
≤ 0.005 |
0.05 |
|
Volatile Penol (mg/L) |
0.0003 |
≤ 0.0002 |
|
|
Sulfide (mg/L) |
0.01 |
≤ 0.05 |
|
|
Total
Coliforms (MPN/100mL) |
Not detected |
≤ 200 |
Not detectable |
|
Al (mg/L) |
0.0051 |
|
0.2 |
|
Fe (mg/L) |
0.00005 |
|
0.3 |
|
Mn (mg/L) |
0 |
|
0.1 |
|
SO42- (mg/L) |
6.069 |
|
250 |
|
NO3-N
(mg/L) |
1.786 |
|
10 |
|
Escherichia
coli, E.coli (MPN/100mL) |
Not detected |
|
Not detectable |
|
Colonies
number (CFU/mL) |
60 |
|
< 100 |
|
Chromaticity |
< 5 |
|
15 |
|
Turbidity
(NTU) |
< 0.5 |
|
1 |
|
Taste and
Odor |
Without |
|
Free from any foreign or abnormal
odors |
|
Visible
solids |
Without |
|
Without |
|
Chloride
(mg/L) |
1.62 |
|
250 |
|
TDS (mg/L) |
52 |
|
1000 |
|
Total
hardness of water (mg/L) |
28 |
|
450 |
3.3 Product Characteristics Data
3.3.1 Product Characteristics
Schisandra chinensis is a perennial deciduous woody vine with stems reaching up to 8 m in
length. The undersides of young leaves are typically pubescent, with membranous
blades that vary in shape from broadly elliptic and ovate to obovate or nearly
circular. The flowers are pale pink or pink and oblong to elliptic-oblong. The
flowering period occurs from May to July, followed by fruiting from July to
October. The berries are small, red, and spherical or obovoid, with
inconspicuous glandular dots on the pericarp; they turn deep red when ripe and
become wrinkled upon drying. Schisandra chinensis prefers cool, moist
climates and is cold-tolerant but sensitive to waterlogging. It requires
moderate shade, particularly during the seedling stage, to prevent damage from
intense sunlight. It thrives in loose, fertile, humus-rich soil and is
propagated by row sowing or broadcast sowing. While wild Schisandra
chinensis is typically found in ravines, streamside areas, and on hillsides,
its natural resources have severely diminished. Consequently, it is classified
as a Grade III Key Protected Medicinal Plant Species in the National List of
Rare and Endangered Medicinal Animal and Plant Species. Since the 1970s,
researchers have conducted domestication studies on wild Schisandra cultivars.
Systematic mastery of domestication and cultivation techniques has been
achieved, enabling large-scale artificial cultivation. The species cultivated
in the case study area is Schisandra chinensis, a nationally recognised geographical indication product, entitled to
bear the "Geographical Indication of P.R.China". Although wild Schisandra chinensis
still occurs in the surrounding mountains in limited quantities, local cultivation
has reached a significant scale, supported by in-house seedling propagation for
both replanting and expansion.
3.3.2 Product Composition Characteristics and
Medicinal Value
The chemical constituents of Schisandra chinensis primarily
include lignans, essential oils, organic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids,
polysaccharides, and inorganic elements (Table 4). Lignans are the primary active component and
are largely responsible for the pharmacological properties of Schisandra
chinensis[12]. They constitute 2%–8% of the plant and
effectively reduce serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in patients with
hepatitis. Schisandrin exhibits significant
hepatoprotective, anti-HIV, antioxidant, and central nervous system protective
functions[13-14]. Polysaccharides constitute another vital
active component, comprising approximately 7% to 11% of the fruit. Primarily
composed of galactose and glucose monosaccharides, they exhibit
hepatoprotective, sedative-hypnotic, and immunemodulating
effects[15]. Volatile oils constitute 5% to 6% of the
fruit and are predominantly composed of terpenoid compounds. These oils exert effects
on the central nervous system, enhancing the body's defense against
non-specific stimuli[16]. However, toxicological studies indicate
that these volatile oils possess certain toxic potential, warranting careful pharmacological
consideration[17]. Additionally, Schisandra chinensis
contains organic acids (including unsaturated fatty acids), essential amino
acids, flavonoids, and trace elements, all of which contribute to its
significant medicinal value.
Table 4
Statistical summary of Schisandra components and their content
|
Ingredients |
Content range |
Explanation |
|
Lignans |
2%~8% |
Schisandrin are the primary active ingredient in Schisandra. |
|
Essential oil |
5%~6% |
The main components include citral, ylangene, and others. |
|
Polysaccharides |
7%~11% |
Primarily found in the pulp of Schisandra
berries, including rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, and galactose, among others. |
|
Organic acids |
The specific acid content varies. |
Mainly includes citric acid (3.2%–3.32%),
malic acid (1.09%–1.17%), shikimic acid (0.52%–0.54%), etc. |
|
Flavonoids |
The content varies depending on the variety
and location. |
Including quercetin, apigenin, myricetin,
kaempferol, luteolin, etc. |
|
Amino acids |
The content varies depending on the variety
and location. |
There are approximately 16 amino acids,
including 6 essential amino acids for the human body. |
|
Trace elements |
Low content |
Mainly including iron, manganese, silicon,
phosphorus, etc. |
3.3.3 Product Quality Test Analysis Results
As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, the quality of Schisandra
chinensis is closely linked to its pharmacological efficacy; therefore, analysing its product quality is of great significance.
This study evaluated the quality of Schisandra chinensis fruits
collected from Dalu Village within the case study area. It determined the
sensory characteristics, moisture content, total ash, schisandrin
content and impurity levels of the air-dried fruits (collected in 2024, based
on dry weight). Additionally, the moisture content, total ash, schisandrin, flavonoids, organic acids, and amino acids were
measured in fresh fruit (collected in 2025, based on fresh weight), along with
heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, and As) and
pesticide residues (Carbofuran and Omethoate). The results of the Schisandra
chinensis fruit quality analysis are presented in Tables 5 and 6. The Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis fruits appear as shrivelled spherical granules with a dark red surface; the pulp
is plump, oily, and glossy, featuring a reticulated shrivelled
texture and a white bloom. The flavour is sour and
sweet, and its sensory characteristics comply with the standard requirements defined
in the Product of geographical indication - Changbaishan
wuweizi (DB22/T 2168-2020)[18]. Regarding physicochemical indicators, the moisture
content, total ash, schisandrin, and impurities in
the dried state all met the criteria specified in the aforementioned standard. Notably,
the schisandrin content significantly exceeded the
0.4% threshold established by the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of
China[19]. In the fresh fruit, the water content,
total ash content and flavonoid content reached 83.9%, 5.6%, and 41.1 mg/kg,
respectively. As shown in Table 7, heavy metals were all below the limit of
detection (LOD). No pesticide residues of Carbofuran and Omethoate were detected. All parameters met the
requirements for heavy metals and pesticide residues in Schisandra chinensis
as stipulated in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China,
remaining well below the relevant standard limits. These results demonstrate
that Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis possesses
high medicinal value and product quality.
Table 5
Morphological characteristics and quality testing results of dry Schisandra fruit
|
Test items |
Unit |
Testing result |
“Product of geographical indication- Changbaishan wuweizi” ( DB22/T 2168-2020 ) standard |
|
Shape |
/ |
Shrunken spherical granules |
Shrunken spherical granules |
|
Color |
/ |
Dull red |
Purple-red or dull red |
|
Appearance |
/ |
The flesh is thick,oily and lustrous,with a network of wrinkles and a white
bloom |
The flesh is thick,oily and lustrous,with a network of wrinkles and a
hoar-frost |
|
Flesh odor |
/ |
Sour in taste |
Sour in taste |
|
Moisture content |
% |
14.5 |
≤16.0 |
|
Total ash |
% |
5.3 |
≤7.0 |
|
Schisandrin |
% |
0.534 |
≥0.45 |
|
Impurity |
% |
0.4 |
≤1 |
Table 6 Quality
testing results of Fresh weight Schisandra fruit
|
Test item |
Unit |
Sample test results |
Note |
|
Water content |
% |
83.9 |
Fresh weight |
|
Total ash |
% |
5.6 |
Fresh weight |
|
Schisandrin |
% |
0.52 |
Dry weight (“Pharmacopoeia
of the People's Republic of China: 2025 Edition” standard limits≥0.4) |
|
Flavonoids |
mg/kg |
41.1 |
Fresh weight |
|
Tartaric acid |
g/kg |
0.97 |
Fresh weight |
|
Malic acid |
g/kg |
25 |
Fresh weight |
|
Citric Acid |
g/kg |
45 |
Fresh weight |
|
Tryptophan |
mg/kg |
3.7 |
Fresh weight |
|
Phenylalanine |
mg/kg |
1.2 |
Fresh weight |
|
Methionine |
mg/kg |
0.35 |
Fresh weight |
|
Lysine |
mg/kg |
0.68 |
Fresh weight |
|
Isoleucine |
mg/kg |
3.0 |
Fresh weight |
|
Leucine |
mg/kg |
3.3 |
Fresh weight |
|
Threonine |
mg/kg |
0.48 |
Fresh weight |
|
Valine |
mg/kg |
1.2 |
Fresh weight |
Table 7 Testing
results of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Schisandra fruit
|
Test item |
Unit |
Sample test results |
Note |
“Pharmacopoeia
of the People's Republic of China: 2025 Edition” standard limits |
|
Carbofuran |
mg/kg |
Not detected |
The quantification limit is 0.01 mg/kg. |
0.02 mg/kg |
|
Omethoate |
mg/kg |
Not detected |
The quantification limit is 0.01 mg/kg. |
0.05 mg/kg |
|
Cu |
mg/kg |
0.35 |
The detection limit is 0.05 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.2
mg/kg. |
20 mg/kg |
|
Zn |
mg/kg |
Below the limit of
quantification |
The detection limit is 0.5 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 2
mg/kg. |
/ |
|
Pb |
mg/kg |
Below the
limit of detection |
The detection limit is 0.02 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.05
mg/kg. |
5 mg/kg |
|
Cd |
mg/kg |
Below the
limit of detection |
The detection limit is 0.002 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.005
mg/kg. |
1 mg/kg |
|
Cr |
mg/kg |
Below the
limit of detection |
The detection limit is 0.05 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.2
mg/kg. |
/ |
|
Hg |
mg/kg |
Below the
limit of detection |
The detection limit is 0.001 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.003
mg/kg. |
0.2 mg/kg |
|
As |
mg/kg |
Below the
limit of detection |
The detection limit is 0.01 mg/kg, and the quantification limit is 0.03
mg/kg. |
2 mg/kg |
4.Management of the Schisandra chinensis Industry
4.1 Demographics
and Socioeconomics of Sandaogou Town
Demographic data for the permanent resident
population of Sandaogou Town[6]
indicates that between 2021 and 2025, the total population initially increased before
declining, while the total number of households exhibited a continuous declining
trend (Figure 10). Based on the age structure in 2025, the population aged 60
and over accounted for 30.16%, with those aged 50 and over cumulatively
exceeding 56%. In contrast, the core working-age population (30–50 years)
represented only 26.49%, suggesting increasing demographic pressure on the
local labour force (Figure 11). An analysis of the
ethnic composition in 2025 indicates that the local population is predominantly
Han (97.69%), with a low proportion of ethnic minorities, including the Manchu,
Korean, Hui, and Mongolian ethnic groups (Table 8). Despite these demographic
challenges, the case study area has demonstrated robust socio-economic
development. In recent years, Schisandra chinensis cultivation has been
significantly scaled up, establishing a pillar industry based on a
comprehensive industrial chain. From 2021 to 2025, the total output value
reached 864 million yuan, serving as a primary driver for increasing local
farmers’ incomes and advancing rural revitalization.
Figure 10 Population
Change Chart of Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, 2021-2025.
Figure 11 Population
Structure of Sandaogou Town, Hunjiang
District, 2025
Table 8 Ethnic Composition of Sandaogou Town,Hunjiang
District,2025
|
Nation |
Population
(persons) |
Percentage (%) |
|
Korean ethnic group |
11 |
0.39 |
|
Manchu ethnic group |
46 |
1.64 |
|
Lahu ethnic group |
2 |
0.07 |
|
Yi ethnic group |
1 |
0.035 |
|
Hui ethnic group |
2 |
0.07 |
|
Mongolian
ethnic group |
2 |
0.07 |
|
Yao ethnic group |
1 |
0.035 |
|
Han ethnic group |
2747 |
97.69 |
|
Total |
2812 |
100 |
4.2 Crop
Management
The Schisandra chinensis cultivated in Sandaogou
has developed a distinctive management system integrating specialized
irrigation, fertilization, and plant protection protocols. In terms of
irrigation, natural rainfall serves as the primary water source, supplemented
by tributaries of the Yalu River, with an annual water consumption of
approximately 180,000 m3. This has led to the establishment of a
water resource management system characterised by “centralised allocation and time-segmented irrigation”,
which supplements irrigation based on precipitation levels. By scientifically planning
irrigation schedules and water allocation, seasonal water supply issues have
been effectively resolved, significantly improving water resource utilization
efficiency and ensuring rational distribution. Fertilization management adopts
a synergistic blending model of organic and inorganic fertilizers, with
precision fertilisation carried out across five
distinct periods throughout the year. These periods serve the following
purposes: flower promotion in late May, fruit retention in early June, vine strengthening
in late June, fruit enlargement in early July, and nutrient accumulation in
mid-August. An average of 2 t of decomposed farmyard manure is applied per mu,
supplemented by 50 kg of NPK compound fertilizer to meet the nutritional
requirements of Schisandra chinensis during its various growth stages.
Concurrently, the case study area has evolved a three-tiered plant protection
framework consisting of “biological, physical, and chemical” controls. Specifically,
biological control involves soil disinfection using Bacillus subtilis in
late April to disrupt pathogen transmission. Physical control is implemented by
deploying 10 pheromone traps per mu to interrupt pest reproductive cycles. From
May onwards, control is achieved by spraying biological pesticides such as matrine, while strictly adhering to a 14-day pre-harvest
interval to ensure pesticide residues comply with standards.
4.3 Production Management
In order to enhance the quality, profitability and market
competitiveness of Schisandra chinensis products from Sandaogou, a “Three Unifications” standardised
management model has been implemented across the industrial chain, enabling
improved control from cultivation to harvest. First, seedling standardisation was implemented prior to production.
Initially, professionals established strict seedling selection criteria, and
high-quality northern Schisandra chinensis seedlings were procured from
the Jian Schisandra chinensis Seedling Cultivation Base for large-scale
planting, ensuring the consistency of the plants seed source in the early
stages. Through years of localised cultivation and acclimatisation, a comprehensive set of independent
seedling propagation standards has been gradually established, enabling the
selection and breeding of superior one-year-old seedlings. The area has now
achieved self-sufficiency in seedling propagation, capable of meeting local
needs for replanting and new plantings. This has resolved, at source, the
issues of variety contamination and inconsistent quality previously caused by
small-scale, household-based cultivation, thereby ensuring the quality of Schisandra
chinensis varieties within the project area and effectively preventing the
risks of low yields and pest and disease outbreaks caused by inferior
seedlings. Second, agricultural inputs have been standardised.
The town government centrally procures bio-organic fertilisers
and highly effective, low-toxicity pesticides that are certified by
authoritative bodies and comply with green standards. Strict regulations
governing the distribution of agricultural inputs and the supervision of
pesticide use have been established to ensure that Schisandra chinensis
growers apply bio-organic fertilizers and pesticides scientifically in
accordance with uniform protocols. This has significantly reduced the risk of
pesticide residues in Schisandra chinensis products and effectively
safeguarded the overall quality of the fruit. In addition, benefiting from
local micro-environmental conditions influenced byof
the Yunfeng Reservoir, the case study area enjoys a longer frost-free period,
which effectively extends the fruit harvest window and creates favourable conditions for the accumulation of schisandrin. This has gradually led to the establishment of
a standardised harvesting model. The harvest period
is strictly fixed between 15 August and 10 October each year, and a ‘two-stage’
harvesting method is employed. This effectively avoids the loss of unripe Schisandra
chinensis berries and the waste of overripe ones caused by traditional
harvesting methods, significantly increasing the proportion of high-quality
berries and overall harvesting efficiency, thereby achieving the synergistic optimisation of Schisandra chinensis quality and
total yield.
Through implementing the “Three Unifications” standardised
management model, the case study area successfully transitioned Schisandra
chinensis cultivation from initial small-scale, unplanned household-based
farming to large-scale, standardised collective-led
production. This approach has not only elevated the product quality of Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis but also reduced
cultivation costs and increased planting returns. Moreover, the superior Schisandra
chinensis products have significantly enhanced market competitiveness,
powerfully propelling the sustained and healthy development of the Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis industry.
4.4 Operational Management and
Industrialization Development Journey
The cultivation of Schisandra chinensis in Sandaogou
commenced in 2010. Initially, local farmers transplanted wild plants from shrub
forests into courtyards for small-scale cultivation. During this early phase,
management practices were rudimentary, planting areas were limited, yields were
low, and economic returns were modest. In addition, cultivation lacked unified organisation and planning. Cultivation remained
predominantly a household-based activity, with growers relying on market
traders to purchase fresh berries door-to-door. Prices fluctuated
significantly, sales channels were relatively limited, and market risks remained
high. In 2017, Baishan Debaicai Ecological Technology
Co., Ltd. was established. The company focuses on the research and development
of cutting-edge products such as plant extract deep processing, nutritional
supplements, Chinese herbal enzymes, and health beverages. The company
developed Schisandra-based products including Schisandra chinensis
Herbal Pillows, calming incense, and wellness hammers. This initiative has
established a comprehensive industrial chain encompassing cultivation,
research, processing, and sales, significantly advancing the industrialisation of Schisandra chinensis production
in Sandaogou region. In 2023, through coordination by
the United Front Work Department of the Jilin Provincial Committee and
investment from the Zhejiang Chamber of Commerce, a Schisandra chinensis
drying plant was established in Xianrendong Village
within the pilot zone, operated by Jilin Jiuxiancao Agricultural and Sideline
Products Processing Co., Ltd. This effectively addressed challenges in storing and transporting
fresh fruit, extending the industrial chain from cultivation to processing and
enhancing product value. In 2024, the village collective established an
economic cooperative to purchase fresh fruit from farmers at a price 0.1 yuan
above market rates. This stabilised sales channels
for growers, strengthened their risk resilience, and spurred local Schisandra
chinensis cultivation to expand to 4.51 km2, with an annual
fresh fruit production of 6,956 t.
Currently, the Schisandra chinensis industry in Sandaogou has formed a relatively complete industrial chain
encompassing cultivation, processing, and sales. The establishment of Schisandra
chinensis drying facilities and a “micro-industrial park” has effectively
driven industrial upgrading. Technological support primarily relies on the
“Science and Technology Courtyard” jointly established with Jilin Agricultural
Science and Technology College to research methods for increasing Schisandra
chinensis yield. Regarding industrial integration, tourist experience
programs such as Schisandra chinensis picking and processing plant tours
have been introduced, actively exploring the “Schisandra chinensis +
cultural tourism” integration model to promote the construction of an
integrated industry-academia-research-tourism collaborative system.
4.5 Tracing the Habitat of Schisandra
The sustainable development of the Schisandra chinensis industry
in Sandaogou area relies heavily on robust support
from modern technology. To this end, a GIES Near Real-Time Ground Station
(Figure 11) has been established in Xianrendong
Village within the case study area. This station conducts real-time,
round-the-clock monitoring of the ecological environment in the Schisandra
chinensis cultivation zone, tracking key indicators including: negative
oxygen ions, phenology, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, air quality,
temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature and moisture, atmospheric
pressure, and soil electrical conductivity. These real-time monitoring data
reflect the optimal growth environment for Schisandra chinensis and
provide scientific, precise data support for cultivation management. This
further drives the transformation of the Sandaogou Schisandra
chinensis industry toward smarter, more scientific, and sustainable
cultivation practices.
Figure 11 Location and facilities of the GIES Near
Real-Tome Ground Station in Xianrendong Village, case
study area.
5. Discussion and Conclusion
The case study area is situated in the medium-undulating mountains
region at the foot of the Changbai Mountains, occupying
the northern bank of the Yalu River, within the Yalu River watershed. The
combination of weakly acidic to neutral soil conditions, significant diurnal
temperature variation, rain-heat synchronization, abundant sunlight, and unique
small watershed geography collectively nurtures the regionally distinctive Sandaogou Schisandra chinensis products. Schisandra
chinensis possesses exceptional medicinal value, and its derivative
products, such as Schisandra chinensis herbal pillows, calming incense,
and wellness hammers- show tremendous development potential with broad
prospects. Nevertheless, the Sandaogou Schisandra
chinensis industry confronts a series of challenges that require urgent
research and resolution.
5.1 Population Decline and Aging Challenges
In recent years, population aging in the case study area has intensified
annually, posing a formidable challenge to labour
force sustainability. Effectively addressing the issues of rural depopulation
and accelerating ageing is a core challenge in achieving rural revitalisation and ensuring that farmers can live and work
in peace and contentment. At present, the Schisandra industry in Sandaogou Town remains focused on the upstream cultivation
stage, while the downstream deep-processing sector has developed relatively
late and at a slower pace. To address the ongoing challenges of an ageing
population, future efforts should focus on exploring cultivation models
suitable for mechanised production, such as wide-row,
high-density planting. The town should actively introduce mechanised
and intelligent technologies to continuously reduce reliance on labour in the cultivation process and consistently improve
planting efficiency. At the same time, efforts should be made to gradually
strengthen the branding and market promotion of Sandaogou
Schisandra chinensis and its derivative products, continuously enhancing
the market influence and visibility of these products, and gradually expanding
sales channels. Through the comprehensive development of the Schisandra
chinensis industry chain in the case study area, an industrial framework
comprising smart cultivation, automated production, intelligent processing,
efficient transport and digital management will gradually take shape. This will
generate more jobs and employment opportunities across multiple stages of the industry
chain, injecting new vitality into local residents’ incomes, providing more
options for migrant workers to return home to work or start businesses, and
offering a novel solution to alleviate population outflow and ageing in the
case study area.
5.2 Weak Brand and Intellectual Property Awareness
Currently, Schisandra chinensis produced in the Sandaogou area has yet to establish a proprietary brand endowed
with regional distinctiveness or substantial market influence. Schisandra
chinensis products from this region exhibit limited market recognition and diminished
competitiveness. Additionally, owing to historically weak awareness of
intellectual property rights among certain producers, premium Schisandra
chinensis products from the case area failed to achieve their inherent
market value, resulting in limited benefits for farmers. In the future, the
region should leverage its core advantage of superior Schisandra chinensis
quality by actively registering a distinctive brand exclusive to the case area.
Concurrently, multi-channel and multi-format brand promotion campaigns should
be implemented to continuously enhance brand recognition. By elevating brand
value, product value will be consistently improved, enabling participating
farmers to secure more substantial benefits.
5.3 The potential of Science and Technology Courtyards remains to be
tapped
Although the demonstration area has established a joint ‘Science and
Technology Courtyard’ with Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College to
provide technical support for Schisandra chinensis research, the
courtyard remains in an incipient phase overall. Its capacity to drive
industrial upgrading has yet to be fully realized. In the future, the platform
of the Science and Technology Courtyard should be fully leveraged to further
harness its collaborative strengths in industry-academia-research partnerships.
Efforts should concentrate on facilitating the dissemination of research and
the implementation of outcomes, with a particular emphasis on technology-driven
empowerment. This will involve continuously optimizing the Schisandra
chinensis cultivation management system to progressively enhance both the
intrinsic and visual qualities of the fruit. Ultimately, this strategy will facilitate
the selection of superior produce, thereby providing sustained scientific
support to fortify the core competitiveness of the Schisandra chinensis
industry within the case study area.
5.4 Cultural tourism brands still need to be further developed
Although the pilot area has initiated exploration of an integrated “Schisandra
chinensis + cultural tourism” model, gradually building a Schisandra
chinensis cultural tourism brand and launching initiatives such as Schisandra
chinensis picking and the display and sale of Schisandra chinensis
herbal pillows, a systematic cultural tourism brand has yet to be established.
In the future, full advantage should be taken of the G331 border tourism
corridor and the region’s border tourism assets to embed the Schisandra
chinensis industry firmly within the border tourism circuit. By integrating
regional landscape resources and the advantages of the border location, we can
promote the transformation of Schisandra chinensis from a traditional
agricultural industry into one that is integrated with cultural tourism.
Building upon the sales of Schisandra chinensis berries and their
derivatives, the Schisandra chinensis industry chain should be extended
to encompass sightseeing and picking during the cultivation phase, factory
tours and hands-on experiences in the processing phase, as well as the
promotion of Schisandra’s medicinal history and wellness culture. This will
create a Schisandra chinensis cultural tourism brand that integrates
ecological sightseeing, picking experiences, handicrafts, and health and
wellness. Ultimately, through the profound integration of “Schisandra
chinensis + cultural tourism”, the dual imperatives of promoting
agriculture through tourism and strengthening agriculture via tourism can be
realized, thereby providing sustained momentum for rural revitalisation
in the case study area.
Author
Contributions
Lu, H. W. oversaw the overall design of this
case study; Lu, H. W., Xue, Y. X., Xu, D., Yang, S., Feng, H., Zhang, M. Y.,
Cui, Y. W., Wang, L., Zhang, F. S., and Peng, L. D. participated in field
investigations and the construction of fully automated habitat monitoring
stations; Xue, Y. X., Yang, Y. F., and Lei, H. completed soil and water sample
collection and testing; Zhang, H. Z., Gu, P. C., Wang, X., Lu, G. Y., Pan, H.
G., and Wang, S. J. provided industrial development and enterprise management
data; Xue, Y. X. and Yang, Y. F. completed the drafting and revision of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the
leaders at all levels in Hunjiang District for their
strong support and cooperation with this case study. We would also like to
thank Researcher Liu, C., Researcher Song, X. F., and Researcher Wang, Z. B. of
the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, as well as the staff of the Centre for Geographical
Indications Research, for their assistance and guidance in the development of
the dataset and the drafting of this paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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