Inaugural Editorial of the Digital
Journal of Global Change Data Repository
Liu, C.
Institute
of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Abstract: The Digital
Journal of Global Change Data Repository was officially launched in June 2020. This is for matching to the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery which was launched in March
2017. Both of them are parts of the Global Change Research Data Publishing
& Repository (GCdataPR). The monthly peer reviewed
bilingual digital journal focuses its mission on publishing global change
research datasets. As a regular member of World Data System (WDS) and Data
Publishing and Repository Center of China GEO, the GCdataPR was initialed in
June 2014. The inaugural editorial illustrated the reason why change the
pre-print dataset repository into a peer review digital journal. The
preparation, mission, tasks of the Digital
Journal of Global Change Data Repository were
elaborates in detail.
Key words: Digital Journal of
Global Change Data Repository; Journal of
Global Change Data & Discovery; data publishing and repository; inaugural
editorial
The
Digital Journal of Global Change Data
Repository was officially launched in June 2020. This is for matching to the
Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery[1]
which was launched in March 2017. Both of them are parts of the Global Change
Research Data Publishing & Repository (GCdataPR), one is for publishing
data papers and articles and other one is for publishing datasets. The Digital Journal of Global Change Data
Repository is superintended by Chinese Academy of Sciences, and co-sponsored by Institute of Geographical
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Geographic
Society of China. The monthly peer reviewed bilingual digital journal focuses
its mission on publishing global change research datasets. As a regular member
of World Data System (WDS) and Data Publishing and Repository Center of China
GEO, the GCdataPR was initialed in June 2014, why should we improve the data
repository into peer reviewed digital journal?
1 From Open Data to Publishing
Data
The
research article publishing has a history of more than 100 years, while the
research data publishing has just begun. From the World Data Center established
by the International Geophysical Year (IGY)[2]
in 1957, to the DOI System[3] in 2005, and then to Earth System Science Data (ESSD)[4]
launched by the Copernicus in 2009, the then to Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository launched in 2020,
the research data has embarked on a road of data publishing for more than half
a century.
1.1 Open Data
In
1957, ICSU launched the International Geophysical Year (IGY) program. One of
the important tasks of the project is to establish the “World Data Centers”
(WDC), WDC-A, WDC-B, WDC-C and later WDC-D were
identified separately. The main task of the WDC is to collect data in the earth
science and astronomy and provide data sharing services in the global scale. In
this stage, the focus of data sharing is metadata sharing. In 1990, the US
Global Change Research Act of 1990[5] made a full and open data
policy. Following, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and a series of
international programs have clearly adopted the open data policy[6].
In 2003, China launched the “Scientific Data Sharing Engineering” project
(SDSE), followed by the “National Science and Technology Infrastructure
Platform”[7]. The
implementations of these projects were greatly promoting open data activities.
Open data has become a strong voice[8].
1.2 Dataset with Digital Object Identifier
(DOI)
In
2004, ICSU organized a panel to make a priority area assessment on
scientific data and information and published on ICSU report of the CSPR
Assessment Panel on Scientific Data and Information, International Council for
Science. The panel indicated that: the scientific
community should give credit to the quality data, as well as the data authors
for their contributors to the data sharing[9].
In 2005, the DOI foundation was established and the DOI System was developed.
Then, the open data mechanism was soon replaced by data registration with DOI.
In 2012, DOI was approved to be the International Standard by the International
Standard Organization (ISO)[10].
The research data management entered the era of registration of DOI.
1.3 Journal on Data Papers
In
2009, Earth System Science Data (ESSD，2009) was born, which was published
by the Copernicus Publications (ISSN :1866-3508, eISSN:1866-3516). It is
the first journal on data papers in the world. Following, Scientific Data (2014)[11],
Acta Geographica Sinica
(2014, Supplement) [12], Geoscience Data Journal (2014)[13],
China Scientific Data (2015) [14], Geology in China (2017, Supplement)
[15], Polar Data Journal (2017)[16],
Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery (2017), Journal of Big Agriculture Data (2019)[17], etc.
1.4 Peer Reviewed Data Papers Match Pre-print
Datasets
During
the last 15 years from 2005 to 2020, there are four ways in exploring the road
of data publishing:
(1) The dataset is
openly available with the DOI registration without data paper
Most regular
members of the World Data System (WDS) and national data centers go this way.
For example, Pangaea[18] is the
world data center (regular member of WDS). In addition to the world data
center, there are also some data repositories do the same way. Such as figshare[19], Dryad[20], zenodo[21],
etc.
(2) Peer reviewed
data papers published in a data journal, these data papers were matched with
pre-print datasets, which were archived in distributed repositories, the open
data policy made them linked to each other in an open network environment. Earth System Science Data, Scientific Data, and Geoscience Data Journal are the
cases.
(3) The datasets
and the data papers were published by the same publisher, one is official
journal for publishing data papers and one is repository for linking the
per-print datasets. The cases include Acta
Geographica Sinica (2014, Supplement), Journal
of Global Change Data & Discovery
(2017), Geology in China (2017, Supplement), Polar Data Journal (2017) etc. The
cases by this method are mostly adopted by data centers, such as Polar Data Journal and Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery, both sponsors are world data
centers.
(4) China Scientific Data (2015) publishing
the data papers uses both ways to link the datasets, Science Data Bank, the
data repository of China Scientific Data
and several distributed data centers in China.
1.5 Data Citation Bias Against
Dataset
Research
data includes metadata, dataset and data paper. The dataset is the most important
part for the data re-using. Generally, users pay more attention to the datasets
than data papers. However, a common phenomenon is that the data users usually
only cite data papers, but rarely cite datasets in most research articles. This
phenomenon is called “data citation bias”. Use the following case to illustrate
this phenomenon.
On 30 October
2018, Beck, H. E., et al., published “Present
and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution”, its
data paper was published at Scientific
Data, while the dataset was achieved at the figshare with DOI:
10.6084/m9.figshare.6396959. The figshare indicated the data citation as the
following: Beck, Hylke E.; E. Zimmermann, Niklaus; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan,
Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (2018): Present and future Köppen-Geiger
climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. figshare.
Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6396959[22],
Scientific Data noticed the data
paper citation as: Beck, H., Zimmermann, N., McVicar, T., et al. Present and
future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci Data 5, 180214 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214[23].
As of June 2020,
the dataset at figshare has attracted 20,105 browsers and 6,458 downloads, but it was cited only once. On the contrary, data
papers published in Scientific Data
were cited 305 times in the same period. There is a difference of 300 times
between them. Although data center managers repeatedly appeal to the academic
communities to solve the problem of dataset citation, the phenomenon of data
citation bias against dataset is still quite common.
1.6 Differences Between
Dataset Publishing and Dataset Repository
There are several
reasons causing the data citation bias against dataset, including the data
users do not follow the requirements of the data repository. Of course, there
is also the vague understanding that data repository is equal to data
publishing, and there is also the applicability of citation standard for
publication to dataset.
In recent years, for the sake of rapid
publication of academic articles, the pre-print platform has emerged. Such as
arXiv[24], BioRxiv[25], medRxiv[26], ChemRxiv[27],
F1000[28], figshare[19], Peerage of Science[29],
engrXiv[30], PeerJ Preprints[31], etc.
The pre-print
platform provides a convenient and fast opportunity for academic exchange of
research products that have not been accepted by academic journals. These
pre-print manuscripts are also registered with DOI. Many of the papers are
later published in official academic journals with different DOI registration.
When the pre-printed paper was referred, most scholars do not cite it, but only
cite the references when they were peer reviewed and formal published by
journals. The practices of pre-print platforms give us an
enlightenment that academic papers can be open accessed on a pre-print
platforms first, such as figshare, however, academic papers should be published
in peer review journals formally. So, is the dataset deposited and published in
figshare also a pre-print or pre-publish of the datasets? If the dataset in figshare
is similar to the pre-print of academic paper in figshare, this makes it very
easy to understand why the “Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate
classification maps at 1-km resolution” dataset has only one cite in figshare,
while the data papers published in the Scientific
Data had 300 times more cites. The enlightenment of this case is that the
dataset with DOI at figshare may only be the first step, like manuscripts, it
can be considered as pre-publish of dataset. If the dataset needs to have the
same academic status as the data paper, it needs to be formally published in a
peer review journal as the data paper.
According to the
Publication Administration Law of P. R. China (the 4th revision, 2016) , the
Publishing Activities include the publication, printing or re-production,
distribution of newspapers, periodicals, books, audio-visual products and
electronic publications (Article 2);
all publications should be published by publishers (Article 9); all
publishers have to obtain the approval from the administrative department of
the State Council in charge of publication and the publication license (Article
15); the publishers shall implement the system of editor’s responsibility to
ensure that the contents published in the publication comply with the
Publication Administration Law of P. R. China (Article 24); the Department in
charge of publication administration under the State Council shall be
responsible for the supervision and administration of the publication
activities (Article 50), etc.
So, the critical
differences between the dataset publishing and repository with DOI in China
include at least: (1) the dataset publisher has to obtain the publishing
license approved by the Publishing Administrative Department of the State
Council, the dataset repository is no such requirement; (2) the dataset
publisher should implement the editorial responsibility system, and the
scientific practice is to go through peer review to ensure that the published
content conforms to the purpose of the publication; while the dataset
repository may not exactly follow the procedure; (3) the dataset publisher have
to accept the annual inspection and review of the published works by the
Administrative Department of the State Council, while the dataset repository
does no have such procedures.
In addition, the
feedback of the dataset publishing is also an ignored big problem. Scholars
published papers (including data papers published in data journals) are
included in the research performance assessment system. However, scientists put
their datasets in an open accessed data repository with DOI are not included in
the research performance assessment system in most research institutes and
universities in China.
2 Inauguration of Digital
Journal of Global Change Data Repository
In order to make
the dataset publishing environment and mechanism works, the Institute of
Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
and the Geographical Society of China have jointly made a series of preparations
since 2013.
2.1 DOI Registration
In
2013, the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese
Academy of Sciences got DOI: 10.3974 by Wanfang Data Ltd.[32]
and Crossref[33].
2.2 Provide a Practical Case for the Nairobi
Data Sharing Principle
In June
2014, the Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository (GCdataPR)
was online, which consisted of 20 datasets and 20 data papers published at Acta Geographica Sinica (2014) by both Chinese and English. This is the first data
publishing system in China for publishing data papers with a journal and
datasets with DOI.
In August 2014, CODATA Task Group on Preservation of
and Open Access to S&T Data in/for/with Developing Countries cooperated
with UNESCO, Kenyan Ministry of
Information and Communication and number of international organizations to
hold the International Workshop of “Open data for science and sustainability in
developing countries”. The Data
Sharing Principles in Developing Countries (or The Nairobi Data Sharing Principles) [34] is one of
the outcomes of the Nairobi SSDC workshop. The case on
Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository was one of evidences to
have a common understanding for the Nairobi Data Sharing Principles.
2.3 Regular Member of World Data System
The
World Data System, an Interdisciplinary Body of the International Science
Council (ISC), was established in 2008 based on the World Data Center created
in the International Geophysical Year (IGY, 1957-1958). It is consisted of Regular Member, Network Member, Partner
Member and Associate Member.
The World Data
System issued the data sharing principles[35]:
(1) Data,
metadata, products, and information should be fully and openly shared, subject
to national or international jurisdictional laws and policies, including respecting
appropriate extant restrictions, and in accordance with international standards
of ethical research conduct.
(2) Data,
metadata, products, and information produced for research, education, and public-domain
use will be made available with minimum time delay and free of charge, or for
no more than the cost of dissemination, which may be waived for lower-income
user communities to support equity in access.
(3) All who
produce, share, and use data and metadata are stewards of those data, and have
responsibility for ensuring that the authenticity, quality, and integrity of
the data are preserved, and respect for the data source is maintained by
ensuring privacy where appropriate, and encouraging appropriate citation of the
dataset and original work and acknowledgement of the data repository. And the
data should be labeled “sensitive” or “restricted” only with appropriate
justification and following clearly defined protocols, and should in any event
be made available for use on the least restrictive basis possible.
Based on the WDS Data Sharing Principles, the data sharing policy of
Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository was made in 2014[36]
as following:
Data from the Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository
includes metadata, datasets (data products), and publications (in this case, in
the Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery). Data
sharing policy includes: (1) Data
are openly available and can be free downloaded via the Internet; (2) End users
are encouraged to use Data subject
to citation; (3) Users, who are by definition also value-added service providers,
are welcome to redistribute Data
subject to written permission from the GCdataPR Editorial Office and the
issuance of a Data redistribution
license; and (4) If Data are
used to compile new datasets, the ‘ten per cent principal’ should be followed
such that Data records utilized
should not surpass 10% of the new dataset contents, while sources should be
clearly noted in suitable places in the new dataset. And then the Guidelines of
Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository was made.
From 2014 to 2016, 160 datasets were openly
available for free download through the GCdataPR platform. The GCdataPR was approved to be the WDS Regular Member in
September 2016[37].
2.4 China GEO Data Publishing Center and
GEOSS Contributor
The
Group on Earth Observations, GEO was formed in 2003, China is one of the
founder members[38]. One of the
important task is establishing the GEOSS Five
categories of GEO activities were identified, including GEO Flagship, GEO
Initiatives, GEO Community Activities, Regional GEOs and Foundational Tasks. The GCdataPR, as the China GEO Data Publishing Center, joins the
GEO Foundational Tasks and to be one of the contributors for the GEOSS since
2016.
2.5 Data Citation Index
In 2016, The Clarivate
Analytics accepted the GCdataPR to join the Data Citation Index (DCI) of Web of
Science, it makes all datasets published in the GCdataPR searchable by DCI[39].
2.6 Best Case of Big Data Products, Services
and Solutions (2016)
In
2016, 50 best practices and cases on big data products, services and solutions
were awarded among the 451 cases in China, the GCdataPR is one of them and the
only one in scientific research, education[40].
2.7 High Stating
Point Journal of the Excellence Program of Chinese Academic Journals
In
2019, the proposal on creating the Digital
Journal of Global Change Data Repository was evaluated to be the High
Stating Point Journal of the Excellence Program of Chinese Academic Journals[41].
2.8 Data Repository identified by the Acta Geographica Sinica and AGU
In
2016, the editorials of GCdataPR and Acta
Geographica Sinica jointly signed a declaration on research data and
discovery paper jointly publishing. In 2019, American Geophysical Union (AGU)
created a data finder tool, which aims to supply practical solutions for the
use of the FAIR data principles throughout the research data life cycle[42]. The function of the repository
finder is for querying repositories relevant to open data activities. In which,
122 repository were listed at the Finder, the GCdataPR is one of them. AGU
indicated that the selected repositories are qualified to the criteria of the
FAIRsFAIR Project. Besides, there are 67 journals joint the GCdataPR data
publishing partnership program.
2.9 GCdataPR Was Awarded the WSIS Prize, 2018
(e-Science Champion)
The World Summit on
the Information Society (WSIS) 2018 was held from March 19-23 in Geneva. Winners and Champions in each of 18 categories were
voted, the GCdataPR was one of them, the only one in research data publishing
and repository[43].
2.10 The Peer Reviewed Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository
The
pre-print version of the Digital Journal
of Global Change Data Repository was online in June 2014,
while the peer reviewed Digital Journal
of Global Change Data Repository was published in June 2020 with permission
by the National Press and Publication Administration of P. R. China. The
International Standard Serial Number of the journal is ISSN 2096-868X, and the
CN serial numbering of the journal is CN 11-9377/P.
3 Mission, Tasks and Procedure
3.1 Mission
The
peer reviewed Digital Journal of Global
Change Data Repository is part of the Global Change Research Data
Publishing and Repository[44]
together with the Journal of Global
Change Data & Discovery. It
aims to promote high-quality and reliable global change research data
publishing, long term archiving and life time openly available accessing. The
disciplinary repository covers multiple subjects, such as geography, natural
resources, ecology, environment, sustainable development, etc. The bilingual
journal is published in both Chinese and English. In using and implementing the
WDS and GEO data sharing principles, as well as the FAIR principles, the Digital Journal of Global Change Data
Repository will update its data publishing and sharing guidelines,
including procedures, network with journals and citation data bases, etc.
3.2 Tasks
The
tasks of the Digital Journal of Global Change
Data Repository are:
Task 1: Publish the updated
datasets
According to the
international academic regulations, consensus on research data, the journal
encourages the original datasets publishing with the property review and fast
online.
Task 2: The content of the
datasets covers the latest research datasets support science as well as basic
datasets benefiting societies.
The global change
research is a field where scientific discovery and social development are
closely integrated. The publication of global change scientific research
datasets should not only publish basic and discovery data, but also the
datasets promoting social sustainable development. So, three major contents
should be included in the datasets, they are the items of data encyclopedia,
the original discovery data and the datasets benefiting the society.
Task 3: Long term
preservation and life time services
As the most
important part of a regular member of the World Data System, the Data Publishing
Sub-Center of the National Earth Observation Scientific Data Center of China,
and the China GEO Data Publishing Center, the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository is the unshakable
and critical task to keep the datasets long term preservation and life time
services.
Task 4: Inter-operational
through internet
The Digital Journal of Global Change Data
Repository is an open digital journal. The datasets publication involves a
series of publication systems, such as the data paper journals, research
discovery article journals, data dissemination platform, data application
platform, etc. It is an important task for the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository to promote and
strengthen the inter-operational status, especially in the data formats, data
file packages, as well as the data geo-locations etc. to make sure to
implementation FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Inter-operational and
Re-usable).
Task 5: Enhancing international
cooperation
Global change
research datasets cover different scales, such as local, regional, national,
regional and global. The authors, editorial board members, reviewers and users
of this journal come from different countries, especially users from more than
a hundred of countries. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the journal is
to promote international cooperation and strengthen international academic
exchanges.
3.3 Method
The
Digital Journal of Global Change Data
Repository is carried out in two ways: online network version and offline
CD-ROM version. The offline CD edition adopts the mode of bilingual in both
Chinese and English. The online version takes Chinese and English as one web
page respectively and the bilingual version is published through internet
exchange and interconnection.
3.4 Settle the Pre-print Datasets from June
2014 to May 2020 in GCdataPR
The
GCdataPR has pre-printed more than 600 datasets from June 2014 to May 2020. All
of these datasets will reviewed again one by one
according to the data publishing procedure of the Digital Journal of Global Change Data Repository. Keep two versions
of the datasets, one is the pre-print version and one is the formal published
version. A common problem is that the pre-printed version of the datasets
online before June 2020 are not marked with references and need to be
supplemented after they are included in the official publication. The
publication time of dataset is calculated according to DOI registration date,
and the volume is arranged in chronological order.
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